| 1952 |
|
| 1961 |
(664) The Japanese were also aroused because
the immigration act of 1924 ended the Gentlemen's
Agreement of 1907, which Japan had faithfully
observed, and closed the doors completely
to Japanese immigrants. |
| 1962 |
|
| 1963 |
|
| 1964a |
(561) Three years later the Immigration Quota
Law made restriction a permanent policy.
This law of 1924 temporarily reduced the
quota still further, setting it at 2 per
cent of those resident in this country in
1800. It also provided that after 1927 the
total number of immigrants admitted to the
United States par year was to be 150,000,
their nationalities apportioned on the basis
of the census of 1920. In spite of strong
objection from President Coolidge, the 1924
law excluded Japanese entirely. |
| 1964b |
? |
| 1964c |
(456) Then, in 1924 Congress enacted the
National Origins Act. This measure not only
banned the people of East Asia entirely,
but set a quota of 2 per cent for Europeans,
and this on the basis of the 1890 census.
It cut the yearly total to 164,000, heavily
weighted in favor of those from northwestern
Europe. |
| 1964d |
|
| 1964e |
(529) Then in 1924 a law limiting immigration
in general was passed. This law forbade most
immigration from Asian countries and limited
the number of other newcomers to about 150,000
a year. The number of immigrants to come
from each country was known as a quota. Quotas
were based upon the number of persons of
each nationality in the United States. The
quota system did not cut down the number
of immigrants from the countries of western
Europe as sharply as it did immigration from
other parts of Europe. |
| 1965 |
|
| 1966a |
(527) Then in 1924 a law limiting immigration
in general was passed. This law forbade most
immigration from Asian countries and limited
the number of other newcomers to about 150,000
a year. The number of immigrants to come
from each country was known as a quota. Quotas
were based upon the number of persons of
each nationality in the United States. The
quota system did not cut down the number
of immigrants from the countries of western
Europe as sharply as it did immigration from
other parts of Europe. |
| 1966b |
? |
| 1966c |
|
| 1966d |
− |
| 1966e |
(655) But those who wanted to restrict immigration
still were not satisfied. They felt it was
important that the American population be
predominantly white, "Anglo-Saxon,"
and Protestant. President Coolidge gave them
his support by announcing that "new
arrivals should be limited to our capacity
to absorb them into the ranks of good citizenship.
America must be kept American." In 1924,
therefore, Congress passed an immigration
act which reduced the quota for each country
to 2 per cent of the number of that nationality
living in the United States in 1890. This
measure not only reduced the number of immigrants
admitted to about 160,000 a year but favored
those who came from northern and western
Europe. Furthermore, immigrants from Asia
were specifically barred. This provision
angered the Japanese, who had scrupulously
lived up to the Gentlemen's Agreement (page
593). |
| 1967a |
|
| 1967b |
|
| 1967c |
|
| 1968a |
− |
| 1968b |
|
| 1968c |
|
| 1969a |
|
| 1969b |
|
| 1969c |
|
| 1969d |
|
| 1970 |
|
| 1971a |
|
| 1971b |
|
| 1972 |
|
| 1973 |
(165) By 1924, the United States Congress
had passed a bill outlawing Oriental immigration
to the United States. This bill, as had the
failure of the racial equality proposal at
Paris in 1919, provoked a significant protest
against the West on the part of the people
of Japan. The protest grew when high tariffs
were subsequently placed on Japanese goods
by the West. |
| 1974 |
|
| 1975 |
− |
| 1976 |
− |
| 1978a |
− |
| 1978b |
(488) It was followed by the National Origins
Act of 1924. The intent of both laws was
the same. They strictly limited the number
of immigrants to be admitted each year (150,000
finally). And they gave each European nation
a quota. The quotas were based on the number
of people in the United States who could
trace their origins to the particular country.
As this worked out, the Act gave generous
allowances to the countries of northern and
western Europe. Those in eastern and southern
Europe got very small quotas. People from
the Western Hemisphere were admitted in large
numbers, but Asiatics were barred altogether.
The effect was immediate. The "Golden
Door" was slammed shut, and immigration
fell to a trickle. It was an act of racism,
reflecting the belief that Italians, Greeks,
Russian Jews, and all Orientals were unworthy
of becoming Americans. |
| 1980 |
|
| 1981a |
|
| 1981b |
|
| 1982a |
(304) The Japanese were also aroused because
the immigration act of 1924 ended the Gentlemen's
Agreement of 1907. Japan had faithfully observed
the agreement and resented the policies which
closed the doors to Japanese immigrants. |
| 1982b |
(593) To deal with the huge number of immigrants
fleeing Europe, a Republican Congress passed
several laws to limit immigration. A "quota
system" favored immigration from England
and Northern Europe. It strongly discriminated
against "new" immigration from
Eastern and Southern Europe and the rest
of the world. |
| 1982c |
− |
| 1982d |
|
| 1982e |
|
| 1983a |
− |
| 1983b |
(165) And in the immigration law of 1924,
Japan was the only country to be denied even
the minimum quota of 100 per year. |
| 1983c |
(441) And in the immigration law of 1924,
Japan was the only country to be denied even
the minimum quota of 100 per year. |
| 1983d |
|
| 1984 |
(368-9) But this law, meant to be temporary,
did not satisfy restrictionists' aims, so
Congress replaced it with the National Origins
Act of 1924. The new law set the quota at
2 percent of each nationality residing in
the United States in 1890. The National Origins
Act was amended in 1927, at which time Congress
set a limit of 150,000 immigrants a year
-- including 65,721 from Great Britain and
25,957 from Germany, but only 5,802 from
Italy and 2,712 from Russia. These laws virtually
excluded Orientals, but left the door open
to peoples from the Western Hemisphere. Soon
Mexicans and Puerto Ricans became the largest
groups of newcomers. |
| 1985a |
(627) As for people from eastern Asia, they
were denied admittance by a provision excluding
persons ineligible for American citizenship
(the Supreme Court had declared east Asians
ineligible). . . . So this provision of the
1924 law was a slap at the Japanese, and
they referred to it as the Japanese Exclusion
Act. If the Japanese had been put on a quota,
as Europeans were, fewer than 200 of them
would have been admitted each year. |
| 1985b |
|
| 1985c |
− |
| 1986a |
− |
| 1986b |
(768) The Japanese were also aroused because
the immigration act of 1924 ended the Gentlemen's
Agreement of 1907. Japan had faithfully observed
the agreement and resented the policies which
closed the doors to Japanese immigrants. |
| 1986c |
(591) The quota system favored immigration
from Northern Europe, especially from Britain.
Later, Congress passed new laws to slow immigration
even more, especially from Asia and Eastern
Europe. |
| 1986d |
|
| 1986e |
− |
| 1986f |
(370) In 1924 Congress limited the number
of immigrants from eastern and southern Europe.
Congress also stated how many immigrants
could come from each country. This is called
a quota system. A 1929 law lowered the number
of immigrants to 150,000 a year. A law passed
by Congress in 1952 made a number of changes
in earlier laws, however. It allowed a few
Asian groups, including Japanese, to immigrate. |
| 1987a |
|
| 1987b |
− |
| 1988 |
(534) In 1924, Congress passed an even stricter
law. This law limited immigration levels
to those recorded over thirty years earlier.
Immigrants from each country could not number
more than they did in 1890. Thus, the number
of immigrants coming from southern and eastern
Europe was even more restricted. A 1929 law
adjusted these quotas to make them more fair.
But this law also reduced the total number
of immigrants per year to only 150,000. Asians
still were kept out almost completely. |
| 1989a |
? |
| 1989b |
(684) While military leaders gained more
power within Japan, increasing discrimination
against Asians by Western nations in the
1920s fed the fires of militarism and turned
the Japanese away from international cooperation.
For instance, the United States Congress
had passed the Immigration Act of 1924, which
forbade Japanese immigration to the United
States. |
| 1990a |
|
| 1990b |
? |
| 1990c |
(602) In 1924, Congress passed a law which
limited the number of people from Europe
who could enter the United States in any
given year to 150,000. Each country in Europe
was assigned a quota that is, a share of
the total number. The law was designed so
that countries in southern and eastern Europe,
where the new immigrants came from, got much
smaller quotas than the countries of northern
and western Europe. Asian and African nations
got no quotas at all. |
| 1990d |
|
| 1990e |
|
| 1991 |
|
| 1992a |
− |
| 1992b |
|
| 1992c |
(266) In 1920 Congress passed the Immigration
Act, setting for the first time national
quotas on the number of immigrants allowed.
Gone were the pre-World War I days of virtually
unlimited admission; four years later, the
Johnson-Reed Act reduced further the number
of immigrants to be admitted to a mere 150,000,
divided by quotas so that almost 90 percent
of even that small number had to come from
northwestern Europe. |
| 1992d |
(580) The nation seemed to have forgotten
its own origins! Free immigration had made
the United States a free nation. Then in
192l national quotas for immigrants were
introduced. The National Origins Act of 1924
reduced quotas until, in 1929, only 150,000
immigrants were allowed to enter the United
States each year. . . . The National Origins
Act barred all Chinese, Japanese, and other
Asians. It is not surprising that in Japan
there were "hate America" meetings
held on "Humiliation Day," July
1, 1924. |
| 1992e |
(580) The nation seemed to have forgotten
its own origins! Free immigration had made
the United States a free nation. Then in
192l national quotas for immigrants were
introduced. The National Origins Act of 1924
reduced quotas until, in 1929, only 150,000
immigrants were allowed to enter the United
States each year. . . . The National Origins
Act barred all Chinese, Japanese, and other
Asians. It is not surprising that in Japan
there were "hate America" meetings
held on "Humiliation Day," July
1, 1924. |
| 1992f |
(626) The government restricted immigration
from China and Japan, but other attempts
to close the door to immigrants failed. |
| 1992g |
(337) Quotas expanded. The Immigration Act
of 1924 set even stricter limits. The quota
was lowered from 3 percent to 2 percent.
And the 2 percent now applied to the number
of foreign-born who were living in the United
States in 1890. . . . The act treated the
Japanese even more harshly, barring them
altogether as "aliens ineligible for
citizenship." (338) But, as a result
of the laws, immigration from Asia and Africa
was sharply cut back. |
| 1993a |
(653) The act, furthermore, included a provision
that West Coast racists had been urging for
years. It forbade the immigration of Asians,
thus terminating the Gentlemen's Agreement
(see p. 581) and insulting the Japanese.
"It has undone the work of the Washington
Conference," Charles Evans Hughes wrote,
"and implanted seeds of ... antagonism."
Asians, African-Americans, Hispanics, Catholics,
and Jews were all victims of the prejudice
based on the ethnic self-consciousness of
white, Protestant Americans of older stock.
Even many educated and comfortable people,
who should have known better, attributed
to race, religion, or national origin varying
qualities of character and intelligence,
always with the assumption that Americans
of old stock were a superior breed. |
| 1993b |
− |
| 1994a |
(315-6) Most Asians were already barred.
The National Origins Act of 1924 cut quotas
to 2 percent and made the base year 1890,
when the proportion of "Nordics"
in the American population had been much
higher than in 1910. The National Origins
Act also shut the door completely on Japanese
immigrants. It was a national humiliation
for Japan, which warned that the act would
have "grave consequences." |
| 1994b |
|
| 1994c |
(498) In 1924, Congress ended all immigration
from Japan. |
| 1994d |
|
| 1995a |
− |
| 1995b |
|
| 1995c |
− |
| 1996a |
(672-3) In 1921 Senators Henry Cabot Lodge
of Massachusetts and Hiram Johnson of California
sponsored emergency legislation that cut
off the flood of immigrants at 350,000 a
year. A quota perceled out available spaces
by admitting up to 3 percent of each nationality
living in the United States as of 1910. Asian
immigration was banned entirely. In 1924
a new National Origins Act reduced the quota
to 150,000 and pushed the base year back
to 1890, before the bulk of southern and
eastern Europeans arrived. The National Origins
Act fixed the pattern of immigration for
the next four decades. Immigration from southern
and eastern Europe was reduced to a trickle.
The free flow of Europeans to America, a
migration of classes and nationalities that
had been unimpeded for 300 years, came to
an end. |
| 1996b |
(468-9) The Johnson Act, meant to be temporary,
did not satisfy restrictionists, so Congress
replaced it with the Immigration Act (Johnson-Reid
Act) in 1924. This law limited annual immigration
to 165,000 (less than one-fifth of prewar
annual totals) and set quotas at 2 percent
of each nationaity residing in the United
States in 1890 census, national origins policy
fixed an annual limit of 150,000 immigratns,
with each country receiving a fraction of
that number equal to the percentage of people
in the U.S. population in 1920 who derived
from that country by birth or descent. This
system fixed quotas of roughly 66,000 from
Great Britain and 26,000 from Germany, but
it allowed only 6,000 from Italy and 2,700
from Russia. It also excluded almost all
Asians but set no quotas for peoples from
the Western Hemisphere. Soon Canadians, Mexicans,
and Puerto Ricans became the largest groups
of newcomers (see figure). |
| 1996c |
|
| 1996d |
− |
| 1996e |
|
| 1997a |
(279) Congress, in the twenties, put an end
to the dangerous, turbulent flood of immigrants
(14 million between 1900 and 1920) by passing
laws setting immigration quotas: the quotas
favored Anglo-Saxons, kept out black and
yellow people, limited severely the coming
of Latins, Slavs, Jews. |
| 1997b |
(406) The Cleveland Plain Dealer stated in
an editorial, "Immigration is a domestic
problem. The Japanese are neither as unsophisticated
nor so domineering as to try to override
the clearly expressed will of friendly America."
Congress soon moved to strengthen immigration
restrictions even more. |
| 1998a |
(855) In 1921 Senators Henry Cabot Lodge
of Massachusetts and Hiram Johnson of California
sponsored emergency legislation that reduced
the flood of immigrants to 350,000 a year.
That quota parceled out available spaces
by admitting up to 3 percent of each nationality
living in the United States as of 1910. Asian
immigration was banned entirely. In 1924
a new National Origins Act cut the quota
to 150,000 and pushed the base year back
to 1890, before the bulk of southern and
eastern Europeans had arrived. To control
the flow of illegal aliens, Congress also
created the Border Patrol. Its 450 agents,
stationed along the boundaries with Canada
and Mexico, were scarcely enough to make
anything other than a symbolic statement
of restrictionist sentiment. The National
Origins Act fixed the pattern of immigration
for the next four decades. Immigration from
southern and eastern Europeans continued.
In Congress support for restriction was especially
strong among rural members who saw it as
a matter of race and religion and also of
beliefs and loyalties. . . . The free movement
of Europeans to America, a migration of classes
and nationalities that had been unimpeded
for 300 years, came to an end. |
| 1998b |
− |
| 1998c |
|
| 1999a |
− |
| 1999b |
(676) In 1921 Senators Henry Cabot Lodge
of Massachusetts and Hiram Johnson of California
sponsored legislation that cut off the flood
of immigrants at 350,000 a year. A quota
parceled out available spaces by admitting
up to 3 percent of each nationality living
in the United States as of 1910. Asian immigration
was virtually banned. In 1924 a new National
Origins Act reduced the quota to 150,000
and pushed the base year back to 1890, before
the bulk of southern and eastern Europeans
arrived. The National Origins Act fixed the
pattern of immigration for the next four
decades. Immigration from southern and eastern
Europe was reduced to a trickle. The free
flow of Europeans to America, a migration
of classes and nationalities that had been
unimpeded for 300 years, came to an end. |
| 1999c |
|
