| 1952 |
|
| 1961 |
|
| 1962 |
|
| 1963 |
|
| 1964a |
|
| 1964b |
|
| 1964c |
|
| 1964d |
|
| 1964e |
|
| 1965 |
|
| 1966a |
|
| 1966b |
|
| 1966c |
|
| 1966d |
− |
| 1966e |
(741) After the war, the government in effect
recognized its error and appropriated funds
to compensate these Japanese-Americans. |
| 1967a |
|
| 1967b |
|
| 1967c |
|
| 1968a |
− |
| 1968b |
|
| 1968c |
|
| 1969a |
|
| 1969b |
|
| 1969c |
|
| 1969d |
|
| 1970 |
|
| 1971a |
|
| 1971b |
|
| 1972 |
|
| 1973 |
|
| 1974 |
(758) Although the Supreme Court upheld the
relocation policy, the government later paid
compensation to the displaced for their property
losses. |
| 1975 |
− |
| 1976 |
− |
| 1978a |
− |
| 1978b |
|
| 1980 |
|
| 1981a |
|
| 1981b |
(608-9) All of the 110,000 Japanese Americans
on the Pacific Coast were subject to this
order. They were forced to sell their homes,
their belongings, and their businesses --
often at a loss. They were then interned
-- placed or confined -- in the various camps
that had been set up. Living conditions in
the internment camps were poor. People were
allowed to bring only what they could carry.
Their new living quarters were often two
small rooms that had once been used as stables.
Located in the desert areas of Arizona and
California or in isolated parts of Colorado
and Wyoming, the camps were subject to extreme
temperatures. Sandstorms and snowstorms were
frequent. No other group of Americans suffered
this type of imprisonment during the war.
Some German and Italian prisoners of war
were brought to the United States, where
they worked as laborers on farms and army
bases. But as a group, Americans of German
and Italian descent did not experience the
hatred, suspicion, or imprisonment that the
Japanese Americans were forced to endure. |
| 1982a |
(338) After the war Americans regretted their
unjustified actions against the Nisei. In
1945 the Nisei were permitted to leave the
detention camps and settle wherever they
wished. In 1948 Congress passed an act to
help the Nisei recover a part of their losses. |
| 1982b |
(635) They had to sell their homes and possessions
and move to crowded, hastily built internment
camps. . . . After the war, the government
paid money to some Japanese Americans for
the loss of their homes and belongings. But
it is estimated that only about ten percent
of the total financial losses suffered by
these people was ever repaid. |
| 1982c |
− |
| 1982d |
|
| 1982e |
|
| 1983a |
− |
| 1983b |
(166) They were forced to leave their homes,
businesses, and jobs on short notice. Allowed
to take only what they could carry, the Japanese
Americans sold most of their possessions
for whatever they could get. Often that wasn't
much. This passage explains why. Many opportunists
were waiting for the prices on Japanese-owned
property to go very low before they bid on
it, Henry Takemori and his wife owned a grocery
store in Phoenix, Arizona, inside the prohibited
zone, "When it came time to sell . .
. potential buyers knew that the longer they
held out. the less it would cost them. Finally,
only two days before the Takemoris were scheduled
to board the Greyhound buses leaving for
Mayer assembly center with 242 bewildered
passengers. they sold the $15,000 property
for $800 -- about the price of a new meat
case.” Behind barbed wire. It is estimated
that Japanese Americans lost $400 million
as a result of their forced removal. |
| 1983c |
(442) They were forced to leave their homes,
businesses, and jobs on short notice. Allowed
to take only what they could carry, the Japanese
Americans sold most of their possessions
for whatever they could get. Often that wasn't
much. This passage explains why. Many opportunists
were waiting for the prices on Japanese-owned
property to go very low before they bid on
it, Henry Takemori and his wife owned a grocery
store in Phoenix, Arizona, inside the prohibited
zone, "When it came time to sell . .
. potential buyers knew that the longer they
held out. the less it would cost them. Finally,
only two days before the Takemoris were scheduled
to board the Greyhound buses leaving for
Mayer assembly center with 242 bewildered
passengers. they sold the $15,000 property
for $800 -- about the price of a new meat
case.” Behind barbed wire. It is estimated
that Japanese Americans lost $400 million
as a result of their forced removal. |
| 1983d |
− |
| 1984 |
(426) Besides their freedom, the Japanese-Americans
lost property estimated at $500 million,
along with their positions in the truck-garden,
floral, and fishing industries. Indeed, their
economic competitors were among the most
vocal proponents of their relocation. |
| 1985a |
(734) They suffered, on the average, the
loss of 40 percent of their property, and
were barred from gainful employment for several
years. |
| 1985b |
(573) They lost their homes and businesses.
Japanese Americans in other parts of the
country suffered from discrimination. The
episode remains an strain on American democracy. |
| 1985c |
(249) A government order dated December 8,
1941, froze their bank accounts leaving them
without funds. To raise cash, they had to
sell any possessions they could. Other Americans
and local governments took advantage of their
plight, offering to buy possessions and property
at low prices that rarely reflected the value
of the goods. These Japanese-Americans could
never regain most possessions and property
lost in this way. |
| 1986a |
− |
| 1986b |
(807) After the war Americans regretted their
unjustified actions against the Nisei. In
1945 the Nisei were permitted to leave the
detention camps and settle wherever they
wished. In 1948 Congress passed an act to
help the Nisei recover a part of their losses.
(807) [Picture] Hastily built tarpaper barracks
were the new homes for Japanese Americans
in 1942 when they were forced to leave their
former homes and relocate in detention camps.
This camp was set up in the desert near Manzanar,
California. |
| 1986c |
(634) Over 100,000 Japanese Americans on
the West Coast were ordered to sell their
homes, land, and belongings. |
| 1986d |
− |
| 1986e |
− |
| 1986f |
(500) [Picture] Japanese Americans being
sent to detention camps during World War
II. They had to sell at low prices the homes
and property they left behind. (501) [Picture]
Vietnamese refugees beginning a new life
in the United States. How does this reflect
the spirit of America's history? |
| 1987a |
− |
| 1987b |
− |
| 1988 |
(620) HISTORY MAKERS: Yoshiko Uchida. Member
of family Number 13453. The family was listed
as number 13453. They had ten days to pack
before they had to report to the Civil Control
Station -- ten days to decide what to take,
what to give away, what to sell, and what
to save. Friends took the piano and boxes
of books. Some furniture went into storage,
and some was sold. Their old collie, Laddie,
was given away. On the last morning, neighbors
brought breakfast, then drove them to the
Civil Control Station at the First Congregational
Church. As they entered the church, the family
saw armed soldiers guarding the doors. Family
13453, the Uchidas, lived in Berkeley, California.
Dwight and Iku Uchida were Japanese immigrants
who, because of their nationality, could
not become citizens. Their daughters, Yoshiko
and Keiko, were American citizens born in
the United States. (T116) They lost 70 million
dollars worth of farms and farm equipment.
They lost 35 million dollars worth of produce.
They lost their life savings. But these Japanese-Americans
had done nothing wrong. |
| 1989a |
(634) Over 100,000 Japanese Americans on
the West Coast were ordered to sell their
homes, land, and belongings. |
| 1989b |
− |
| 1990a |
(674) They had to sell their homes, businesses,
and most of their personal possessions for
whatever prices they could get on short notice. |
| 1990b |
(571) They were forced to sell their homes
and businesses on short notice and at sacrifice
Prices. |
| 1990c |
(665) After the war some of the Japanese
Americans were eventually paid by the government
for the loss of their property. The payments
they received, however, covered no more than
20 percent of their losses. |
| 1990d |
(863) Those who were forced to leave their
homes, farms, and businesses lost almost
all their property and possessions. Farmers
left their crops to be harvested by their
American neighbors. Store owners sold out
for a small percentage of what their goods
were worth. No personal items or household
goods could be transported. The Japanese-Americans
lost their worldly possessions, and something
more -- their pride and respect. |
| 1990e |
(647) As a result of this action, thousands
were forced to sell their homes and businesses
at short notice, causing financial ruin. |
| 1991 |
(612) These people, most of whom lived along
the West Coast, were put in "relocation
centers" -- in effect, concentration
camps. Families being relocated were not
allowed to take any of their major possessions
with them. Many lost homes and businesses
during their period of internment (imprisonment). |
| 1992a |
− |
| 1992b |
|
| 1992c |
(290) The Japanese-Americans, forced to leave
behind their land, their homes, and most
of their belongings, brought suit against
the United States government, but the Supreme
Court upheld the government's actions in
Hirabayashi v. United States and Kurematsu
v. United States. In 1968, however, the government
reimbursed many of those who had been relocated
for lost property, |
| 1992d |
(677) They were forced to sell their homes
and businesses on short notice and at sacrifice
prices. |
| 1992e |
(677) They were forced to sell their homes
and businesses on short notice and at sacrifice
prices. |
| 1992f |
(649) They were forced to sell their homes
and property, although they were innocent
of any crimes. |
| 1992g |
(473) Sadly, these victims had to sell their
homes, businesses, and most of their personal
possessions. They were forced to take whatever
prices they could get on such short notice.
Japanese American families found that their
new homes were wooden barracks, with one
room per family. |
| 1993a |
|
| 1993b |
− |
| 1994a |
(357) Their work, along with the realization
of how unfairly Japanese-American families
had been treated, finally induced the federal
government to pay more than $35 million to
the evacuees for property losses. But this
was very little compensation for the immense
damage that had been done. In a series of
decisions near the end of the war, the Supreme
Court upheld the essential features of the
removal program. |
| 1994b |
(865) Those who were forced to leave their
homes, farms, and businesses lost almost
all their property and possessions. Farmers
left their crops to be harvested by their
American neighbors. Store owners sold out
for a small percentage of what their goods
were worth. No personal items or household
goods could be transported. The Japanese-Americans
lost their worldly possessions, and something
more -- their pride and respect. |
| 1994c |
(498) Most of the internees had to give up
or sell their possessions at a loss. (563)
It forced Japanese Americans to sell their
property and move to "relocation"
camps inland. There they lived in shabby
barracks surrounded by barbed wire. |
| 1994d |
|
| 1995a |
− |
| 1995b |
|
| 1995c |
− |
| 1996a |
(759) Most Nisei incurred heavy financial
losses as they sold property at far below
market value. |
| 1996b |
(527) Japanese-Americans were forced to sell
property valued at $500 million, and they
lost their positions in the truck-garden,
moral, and fishing industries. Indeed, their
economic competitors were among the most
vocal proponents of their relocation. |
| 1996c |
(256) (2) U.S. GOVERNMENT POSTER EXECUTIVE
ORDER 9066. Japanese Americans lost their
homes, businesses, and jobs because of this
action by the U.S. government. Read the following
quotes, which describe the ordeal most Japanese
Americans experienced. "The government
did not tell us whether we would be able
to come back or not. They did not promise
us anything. So I told my wife that perhaps
the best thing would be to sell our furniture
and buy food and medicines and things like
that. Our younger daughter was only four
months old, and the older one was four years
old, and we didn't know if there would be
doctors or hospitals in the camp. So we took
in as much medicine and baby food as possible." |
| 1996d |
− |
| 1996e |
|
| 1997a |
|
| 1997b |
(547) Economic Hardship. The executive order
subjected Japanese Americans to extreme economic
hardship. Because they were permitted to
take only a few belongings with them to the
camps, they were forced to sell most of their
possessions. Bargain hunters descended on
their farms and businesses to take advantage
of the evacuees. Signs began to appear reading
Evacuation Sale -- Furniture Must All Be
Sold. In the end most Japanese American families
received about 5 cents for every dollar's
worth of their possessions. Property not
immediately sold was either stored or left
with friends. Much of this was stolen, vandalized,
or sold through legal loopholes. Even more
devastating was the loss of farms, houses,
and places of business. Estimates of this
loss hover around $500 million. |
| 1998a |
(962-3) Most Nisei incurred heavy financial
losses as they sold property at far below
market value. Their distress became a windfall
for people who had long resented their economic
competition. "We've been charged with
wanting to get rid of the Japs for selfish
reasons," admitted the Grower-Shipper
Vegetable Association. "We might as
well be honest, We do. It's a question of
whether the white man lives on the Pacific
Coast or the brown man." |
| 1998b |
− |
| 1998c |
(887) Those who were forced to leave their
homes, farms, and businesses lost almost
all their property and possessions. Farmers
left their crops to be harvested by their
American neighbors. Store owners sold out
for a small percentage of what their goods
were worth. No personal items or household
goods could be transported. The Japanese
Americans lost their worldly possessions,
and something more -- their pride and respect. |
| 1999a |
− |
| 1999b |
(764) Most Nisei were forced to sell their
property at far below market value. |
| 1999c |
(835) Banks froze Japanese-American assets,
stores refused service, and loyal citizens
vandalized Nisei and Issei homes and businesses.
(836) The orders to relocate gave Japanese
Americans almost no time to prepare. Families
had to pack the few personal possessions
they were allowed to take and to store or
try and sell the rest of their property,
including homes and businesses. Some had
two weeks, others had two days, but it did
not matter. Finding storage facilities was
nearly impossible, and most families had
to sell their possessions at ridiculously
low prices. "It is difficult to describe
the feeling of despair and humiliation experienced,"
one man recalled, "as we watched the
Caucasians coming to look over all our possessions
and offering such nominal amounts knowing
we had no recourse but to accept." A
twenty-six-room hotel was sold for $500;
a pickup truck went for $25; farms sold for
a fraction of what they were worth. When
denied a few additional days to harvest his
strawberry crop, one bitter farmer plowed
it under. The FBI promptly arrested him for
sabotage. Japanese-American families lost
an estimated $810 million to $2 billion in
property and possessions. As if having to
dispose of a lifetime of possessions almost
overnight was not bad enough, the process
of internment produced a feeling of helplessness
and isolation. |
