| 1952 |
|
| 1961 |
|
| 1962 |
|
| 1963 |
|
| 1964a |
|
| 1964b |
|
| 1964c |
|
| 1964d |
|
| 1964e |
|
| 1965 |
|
| 1966a |
|
| 1966b |
|
| 1966c |
|
| 1966d |
− |
| 1966e |
|
| 1967a |
|
| 1967b |
|
| 1967c |
|
| 1968a |
− |
| 1968b |
|
| 1968c |
|
| 1969a |
|
| 1969b |
|
| 1969c |
|
| 1969d |
|
| 1970 |
|
| 1971a |
|
| 1971b |
|
| 1972 |
|
| 1973 |
|
| 1974 |
|
| 1975 |
− |
| 1976 |
− |
| 1978a |
− |
| 1978b |
|
| 1980 |
|
| 1981a |
|
| 1981b |
|
| 1982a |
|
| 1982b |
|
| 1982c |
− |
| 1982d |
|
| 1982e |
|
| 1983a |
− |
| 1983b |
|
| 1983c |
|
| 1983d |
− |
| 1984 |
|
| 1985a |
|
| 1985b |
|
| 1985c |
|
| 1986a |
− |
| 1986b |
|
| 1986c |
|
| 1986d |
− |
| 1986e |
− |
| 1986f |
(500) Today, it is much easier for Asian
Americans to get better jobs and find better
housing. There is much less discrimination.
Asian American families value education.
As a result, Asian Americans have gone to
college and become doctors, pharmacists,
lawyers, and engineers. Outstanding Chinese
Americans include the scientists Tsung Dao
Lee and Chen Ning Yang, who won the Nobel
Prize for Physics. I. M. (Ieah Ming) Pei
is one of the country's most important architects.
Japanese Americans have made equally outstanding
achievements. Samuel T. Hayakawa of California
and Daniel K. Inouye of Hawaii were elected
senators. Isamu Noguchi is a world-famous
sculptor. Seiji Ozawa is one of the country's
leading orchestra conductors. |
| 1987a |
− |
| 1987b |
− |
| 1988 |
|
| 1989a |
|
| 1989b |
− |
| 1990a |
|
| 1990b |
|
| 1990c |
|
| 1990d |
|
| 1990e |
|
| 1991 |
|
| 1992a |
− |
| 1992b |
|
| 1992c |
|
| 1992d |
|
| 1992e |
|
| 1992f |
(638) [Picture] Isamu Noguchi, one of the
greatest sculptors of the 20th century, was
born in Los Angeles but taken to Japan when
he was two. He called this sleek sculpture
piece "California Scenario." It
was completed in 1982 and covers 1.6 acres
in Costa Mesa, California. |
| 1992g |
|
| 1993a |
|
| 1993b |
− |
| 1994a |
|
| 1994b |
|
| 1994c |
|
| 1994d |
|
| 1995a |
− |
| 1995b |
|
| 1995c |
− |
| 1996a |
(943) The Wall Street Journal reported in
1985 that "the same companies that pursue
them for technical jobs often shun them when
filling managerial and executive positions."
Hard work has overcome some, though by no
means all of these prejudices. One survey
indicated that while the average American
student spent 19.6 hours a week on academic
work, the average Japanese American spent
32.6 hours and Chinese American, 40.4. Some
Asian groups earn more than other ethnic
groups, as well as full-time American wage
earners, in part because many immigrant families
brought business and educational experience
to America, along with a powerful work ethic.
A "model minority." Such success
has led the media often to stereotype Asians
as a "model minority" in America;
yet the experience of Asian immigrants remains
widely diverse, encompassing high-income
Filipino American doctors and low-income
agricultural laborers, Japanese Americans
who are poor and elderly as well as those
who are younger, upwardly mobile technicians.
Ethnic tensions, made worse by job losses
and an American trade deficit with Asian
countries, gave rise to scattered acts of
violence. During the 1992 Los Angeles riots,
Korean shops were often the targets of looters
and arsonists. |
| 1996b |
|
| 1996c |
|
| 1996d |
− |
| 1996e |
|
| 1997a |
|
| 1997b |
|
| 1998a |
(1201) Even successful new immigrants encountered
subtle forms of discrimination. "Many
Asian Americans hoping to climb the corporate
ladder face an arduous ascent," reported
the Wall Street Journal. "Ironically
the same companies that pursue them for technical
jobs often shun them when filling managerial
and executive positions." Hard work
has overcome some, though by no means all,
of these prejudices. Many immigrant families
have brought business and educational experience
to America, as well as a powerful work ethic.
Japanese American wages are 10 percent above
white wages and 50 percent higher than African
American and Hispanic wages. Such success
led the media to stereotype Asians as a "model
minority," yet the experience of Asian
immigrants remains widely diverse, encompassing
high-income Filipino-American doctors and
low-income agricultural laborers, Japanese
Americans who are poor and elderly as well
as those who are younger, upwardly mobile
technicians. Ethnic tensions, made worse
by job losses and an American trade deficit
with Asian countries, gave rise to scattered
acts of violence. During the 1992 Los Angeles
riots, Korean shops were often the targets
of looters and arsonists. |
| 1998b |
− |
| 1998c |
(1095-6) The Asian immigrants, following
a pattern established decades before, sought
better and better opportunities for their
children, and in California they became the
largest group of entering students at a number
of college campuses. Sometimes the media
highlighted the successes of Asian immigrants,
particularly in contrast to the problems
encountered by other groups. In 1986, U.S.
News & World Report noted Asian American
advances in a cover story, while Newsweek
ran a lead article on "Asian Americans:
A 'Model Minority,'" and Fortune called
them "America's Super Minority."
Asian Americans were proud of the exposure
but pointed out that many members of the
working class still struggled for a foothold.
In the Chinatowns of San Francisco and Los
Angeles, 40 to 50 percent of the workers
were employed in the ill-paid service sector
or garment industry; in New York's Chinatown
the figure was close to 70 percent. Chinese
immigrant women, in particular, often had
little choice but to work as seamstresses,
just as women from other nationalities had
earlier in the century. |
| 1999a |
− |
| 1999b |
(953) A "model minority." The relative
success of many Asian Americans has led the
media often to stereotype them as a "model
minority"; yet the experience of Asian
immigrants remains widely diverse, encompassing
high-income Filipino-American doctors and
low-income agricultural laborers, Japanese-Americans
who are poor and elderly as well as those
who are younger, upwardly mobile technicians.
Ethnic tensions, made worse by job losses
and an American trade deficit with Asian
countries, gave rise periodically to acts
of violence. During the 1992 Los Angeles
riots, for example, Korean shops were often
the targets of looters and arsonists. |
| 1999c |
(1022-3) By 1990, the figure had grown to
3 percent, and Asians were nearly half of
all immigrants coming to America. Most came
as families and tended to cluster in ethnic
communities in major urban areas, especially
in Hawai'i and the Pacific coast region.
Some were highly educated, had marketable
skills, and found economic success as engineers,
medical professionals, and owners of small
businesses. Chang-Lin Tien experienced such
a success. Born in China, he became a professor
of mechanical engineering and eventually
chancellor of the University of California
at Berkeley in 1990. The success of so many
Asian Americans -- they are among the nation's
most prosperous and best-educated minority
-- has caused them to be considered a "model
minority." But this stereotype ignores
many variables, including levels of education,
dates of arrival, and ethnicity. Although
immigrants from India and Japan have higher
high school graduation rates than whites,
those from China, the Philippines, and Indochina
have lower ones. Many immigrants from Vietnam,
Laos, and Cambodia arrived with few possessions,
little education, and few skills. Mired in
poverty, they frequently had difficulty assimilating
into American society and faced racial hostility.
Along the Gulf coast, whites fearing economic
competition attacked Vietnamese shrimpers.
Many Asian Americans believe that a number
of universities, under pressure from whites
and from non-Asian minority groups, established
quotas to limit the admission of Asians to
professional and graduate programs. The consequence
of growing numbers and anti-Asian prejudice
convinced many to become more active in local,
state, and national politics and to adopt
the term Asian American to stress inclusiveness
rather than ethnic diversity. Still, as one
Asian American commented, "no one can
claim to know what Asian-American ethnicity
is or what it will become." Despite
Asians' success and assimilation into American
society, concluded one Asian-American activist,
"there is a stereotype that Asians are
foreigners even though they've been here
for many generations." |
