Notes
* This paper was presented at the First NAJS Conference held in Gothenburg, Sweden, on April 23-24, 2004.

1 Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism, Revised Ed., London: Verso, 1991, pp. 121-122.
2 Ibid., pp. 42-43.
3 Jan Aart Scholte, Globalization: A Critical Introduction, New York: St. Martin's Press, 2000, pp. 44-50.
4 Ernest Gellner, Nationalism, New York: New York University Press, 1997, pp. 102-108.
5 David Held, Democracy and the Global Order: From the Modern State to Cosmopolitan Governance, California: Stanford University Press, 1995, pp. 221-238.
6 Tetsuya Takahashi, Sengo sekinin ron [On the Postwar Responsibility], Tokyo: Kodan Sha, 1999, p. 130.
7 John Tomlinson, Globalization and Culture, Illinois: University of Chicago Press, 1999, pp. 184-187, 194-204.
8 Ibid., p. 185.
9 In order not to put the study of textbooks into an arbitrary ideological argument, it is necessary to collect as many textbooks as possible and proceed with our discussion by showing their thorough content to readers. Because space is limited in this particular report, we can only show the features of most special importance. A thorough examination of the features of the history textbooks of Japan and the United States is analyzed in Kokuminshi no henbo: Nichibei rekishi kyokasho to gurobaru jidai no nashonarizumu [The Changing Face of the National History: History Textbooks of Japan and the United States, and the Nationalism in the Age of Globalization] by Tomochika Okamoto, published by Nippon Hyoron Sha, Tokyo, 2001. The textbooks and materials used for analysis here are stored in a database that can be opened for public access on the author's website. (http://homepage3.nifty.com/ubiquitous/text_db/index.htm)
10 Frances FitzGerald, America Revised: History Schoolbooks in the Twentieth Century, Massachusetts: Little Brown, 1979.
11 Ibid., p. 10.
12 Ibid., p. 38.
13 Harriet Tyson, "Overcoming Structural Barriers to Good Textbooks," Paper distributed at a meeting of the National Education Goals Panel on July 30, 1997. (http://www.negp.gov/Reports/tyson.htm)
14 Barbara Crane, "The eCalifornia Effect' on Textbook Adoptions," Educational Leadership, 32(4), 1975, pp. 283-285.
15 Nathan Glazer and Reed Ueda, Ethnic Groups in History Textbooks, Washington, D.C.: Ethics and Public Policy Center, 1983, p. 57.
16 Richard C. Brown, Arlan C. Helgeson, and George H. Lobdell Jr., The United States of America: A History for Young Citizens, New Jersey: Silver Burdett Company, 1964, p. 473.
17 Henry W. Bragdon and Samuel P. McCutchen, History of a Free People, 5th Ed., New York: Macmillan Company, 1964, p. 649.
18 Henry F. Graff, This Great Nation: A History of the United States, Illinois: Riverside Publishing Company, 1985, p. 573.
19 Herbert J. Bass, George A. Billias, and Emma Jones Lapsansky, America and Americans: Volume 2: From Reconstruction to the Present, New Jersey: Silver Burdett Company, 1983, p. 167.
20 Daniel J. Boorstin and Brooks Mather Kelley, A History of the United States, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1990, p. 571.
21 James West Davidson and John E. Batchelor, The American Nation, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1986, p. 634.
22 Carol Berkin, Christopher L. Miller, Robert W. Cherny, and James L. Gormly, Making America: A History of the United States, Massachusetts: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1999, p. 836.
23 Christine E. Sleeter and Carl A. Grant, "Race, Class, Gender, and Disability in Current Textbooks," in Michael W. Apple and Linda K. Christian-Smith eds., The Politics of the Textbook, New York: Routledge, 1991, pp. 78-110.
24 Gary B. Nash, American Odyssey: The United States in the 20th Century, New York: Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, 1997, p. 57.
25 Gary B. Nash and Julie Roy Jeffrey, The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, 2nd Ed., New York: Harper Collins Publishers, 1990, p. 190; John R. O'Connor, Exploring American History, Annotated Teacher's Ed., New Jersey: Globe Book Company, 1994, p. 215.
26 Daniel J. Boorstin and Brooks Mather Kelley, A History of the United States, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1992, p. 98.
27 John R. O'Connor, Exploring American History, Annotated Teacher's Ed., New Jersey: Globe Book Company, 1994, p. 215.
28 Mary Beth Norton, David M. Katzman, Paul D. Escott, Howard P. Chudacoff, Thomas G. Paterson, William M. Tuttle Jr., and William J. Brophy, A People and a Nation: A History of the United States, 4th Ed., Massachusetts: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1996, p. 108.
29 John R. O'Connor, Exploring American History, Annotated Teacher's Ed., New Jersey: Globe Book Company, 1994, p. 217.
30 Gary B. Nash and Julie Roy Jeffrey, The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, 2nd Ed., New York: Harper Collins Publishers, 1990, pp. 189ff.; Gary B. Nash, Julie Ray Jeffrey, John R. Howe, Peter J. Frederick, Allen F. Davis, and Allan M. Winkler, The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, 3rd Ed., New York: Harper Collins College Publishers, 1994, pp. 197ff.
31 Carol Berkin, Christopher L. Miller, Robert W. Cherny, and James L. Gormly, Making America: A History of the United States, Massachusetts: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1999, p. 141.
32 In postwar Japan, when authors or publishers want to publish new textbooks or revise the former edition, they have to submit new manuscripts to the Ministry of Education. Then Special Assistants in the Ministry of Education give them editorial suggestions and screening opinions to rewrite or delete some descriptions. After this process, the Ministry of Education gives official approval to the new textbooks.
33 Saburo Ienaga, Kentei fugokaku nihonshi [Unauthorized Japanese History], Tokyo: San-ichi Shobo, 1956/74, Preface.
34 Dai 13 ji nikkyoso, dai 10 ji nikkoukyo kyoikukenkyushukai houkokusho [Report of the 13th Study Meeting of the Japan Teacher's Union], Tokyo: Nihon Shuppan Rodo Kumiai Kyogikai (The Japan Allied Labor Union of Publishers), 1964, p. 16.
35 Tomochika Okamoto, Kokuminshi no henbo: Nichibei rekishi kyokasho to gurobaru jidai no nashonarizumu [The Changing Face of the National History: History Textbook of Japan and the United States, and the Nationalism in the Age of Globalization], Tokyo: Nippon Hyoron Sha, 2001, pp. 65-67, 80-89.
36 Ibid., pp. 99-127.
37 Kyokasho repoto No. 23 [Annual Report on Textbooks No. 23], Tokyo: Nihon Shuppan Rodo Kumiai Kyogikai (The Japan Allied Labor Union of Publishers), 1979, p. 23.
38 Ibid., p. 23.
39 Asahi Shimbun [Asahi Newspaper], October 20th, 1993, Evening Ed., p. 2.
40 Kyokasho repoto No. 26 [Annual Report on Textbooks No. 26], Tokyo: Nihon Shuppan Rodo Kumiai Kyogikai (The Japan Allied Labor Union of Publishers), 1982, p. 49.
41 Nobuyoshi Takashima, Kyokasho wa ko kakinaosareta! [Textbooks were Forced to be Rewritten Like This!], Tokyo: Kodan Sha, 1994, p. 98.
42 Here, the discussion is made securing the inducement of pluralization in the process of textbook publication particularly with regard to phenomena like the re-establishment of diplomatic relations, the progress of the Textbook Trial, international ties, etc.; and, as is frequently pointed out, the period after 1980 is the age in which internationalization is advocated as the policy and the inflow of foreign workers and Japanese Latin Americans grew in large scale. In Japan's case, the members of cultures which constituted its population inflow lacked political force to commit themselves directly to the publication process of textbooks, and yet created befitting impact as the members of the society began to visually recognize that their society was not conformed in "a single culture."
43 Kentaro Murakawa and Namio Egami, Sekaishi [The World History], Tokyo: Yamakawa Shuppan Sha, 1951, pp. 254-255.
44 Kentaro Murakawa, Namio Egami, Tatsuro Yamamoto, and Kentaro Hayashi, Shosetsu sekaishi [Detailed World History], Revised Ed., Tokyo: Yamakawa Shuppan Sha, 1983, p. 270.
45 Ibid., p. 305.
46 Kentaro Murakawa, Namio Egami, Tatsuro Yamamoto, and Kentaro Hayashi, Shosetsu sekaishi [Detailed World History], 2nd Ed., Tokyo: Yamakawa Shuppan Sha, 1989, p. 266.
47 Ibid., p. 301.
48 Ibid., p. 281.
49 Namio Egami, Tatsuro Yamamoto, Kentaro Hayashi, and Osamu Naruse, Shosetsu sekaishi [Detailed World History], Tokyo: Yamakawa Shuppan Sha, 1994, p. 260.
50 Ibid., p. 275.
51 Ibid., p. 275.
52 Ibid., p. 315.
53 Kyokasho repoto No. 26 [Annual Report on Textbooks No. 26], Tokyo: Nihon Shuppan Rodo Kumiai Kyogikai (The Japan Allied Labor Union of Publishers), 1982, p. 49.
54 Kentaro Murakawa and Namio Egami, Sekaishi [The World History], Tokyo: Yamakawa Shuppan Sha, 1951, p. 298.
55 Kentaro Murakawa, Namio Egami, Tatsuro Yamamoto, and Kentaro Hayashi, Shosetsu sekaishi [Detailed World History], Revised Ed., Tokyo: Yamakawa Shuppan Sha, 1983, p. 324.
56 Kyokasho repoto No. 31 [Annual Report on Textbooks No. 31], Tokyo: Nihon Shuppan Rodo Kumiai Kyogikai (The Japan Allied Labor Union of Publishers), 1987, p. 36.
57 Namio Egami, Tatsuro Yamamoto, Kentaro Hayashi, and Osamu Naruse, Shosetsu sekaishi [Detailed World History], Tokyo: Yamakawa Shuppan Sha, 1994, p. 317.
58 Kentaro Murakawa, Namio Egami, Tatsuro Yamamoto, and Kentaro Hayashi, Shosetsu sekaishi [Detailed World History], Revised Ed., Tokyo: Yamakawa Shuppan Sha, 1983, p. 324.
59 Namio Egami, Tatsuro Yamamoto, Kentaro Hayashi, and Osamu Naruse, Shosetsu sekaishi [Detailed World History], Tokyo: Yamakawa Shuppan Sha, 1994, p. 317.
60 Anthony D. Smith, The Ethnic Origins of Nations, Oxford: Blackwell, 1986, pp. 138-139, 157-161.