[1952]
[1961] (663) And, in 1907, President Theodore Roosevelt had negotiated a
"Gentlemen's Agreement" with Japan, by which the Japanese agreed to
forbid the emigration of laborers to the United States.
[1962]
[1963]
[1964a]
[1964b] ？
[1964c] (377) Roosevelt worked skillfully to douse the flames. He persuaded
San Francisco to desegregate its schools, and in return in 1907 he negotiated a
"gentlemen s agreement" with Japan to keep out agricultural laborers.
Then, lest the Japanese government think he had acted through fear, he launched
a spectacular naval demonstration. (385) This was the attitude with which
Wilson and Bryan approached a new crisis with Japan which seriously threatened
war in the spring of 1913. The California legislature was threatening to pass a
law disqualifying aliens ineligible for citizenship (Japanese) from owning
land. As jingo newspapers in Japan whipped up a froth of war excitement, Wilson
and Bryan could do little with the Republican legislature and the Republican
governor of California, Hiram Johnson, who signed the bill. Wilson was rather
inept in his negotiations, both with the Californians and the Japanese, but
fared better with the Japanese.
[1964d] (474) Alarmed at the uproar, President Theodore Roosevelt promised
Japan that he would use his influence to get the order of the San Francisco
school board changed. Then, in order to meet the objections of the
Californians, Roosevelt obtained a "gentlemen's agreement," or
informal understanding, with the Japanese government. Through this
"gentlemen's agreement," the Japanese government promised to keep its
laborers from migrating to the United States. Roosevelt, in turn, promised that
he would not seek legislation prohibiting the Japanese from moving to the
United States. While this agreement reduced hard feelings between the two
nations, the United States and Japan remained suspicious of each other's
intentions.
[1964e]
[1965]
[1966a]
[1966b] ？
[1966c]
[1966d] −
[1966e] (593) The President had no authority over San Francisco's schools,
but he did exert pressure on the school board to reverse its decision. The
segregation order was finally revoked when Roosevelt promised to do something
about Japanese immigration. During 1907-1908 the two countries reached an
understanding, which came to be called the Gentlemen's Agreement. In return for
the lifting of the school segregation order, the Japanese government agreed not
to issue passports to Japanese laborers wanting to enter the United States. The
Gentlemen's Agreement effectively curbed Japanese immigration, but it did not
put an end to state laws discriminating against Orientals. This situation was
greatly resented in Japan, where the people assumed that all Americans regarded
them as inferior.
[1967a]
[1967b]
[1967c]
[1968a] −
[1968b]
[1968c]
[1969a]
[1969b] (588-9) President Roosevelt pressured San Francisco's leaders to
halt school segregation in return for his promise to reduce Japanese
immigration. He blocked the entry of Japanese immigrants from other countries
and concluded a "gentlemen's agreement" according to which Japan
promised to keep laborers from emigrating to the United States.
[1969c]
[1969d]
[1970]
[1971a]
[1971b]
[1972] (265-6) The Sakamotos joined with the other
Japanese-American parents and found a lawyer to take their case to court. They
wanted the judges to decide whether or not the rule was fair. But even before
the court could decide, President Theodore Roosevelt sent a man to San
Francisco to study the problem. This man found that out of 25,000 children in
the city's schools, only 93 were Japanese-Americans. President Roosevelt was
angry. He wrote to the San Francisco School Board and told them that he wanted
the rule changed. The school board agreed. Kyo and the other Japanese children
were allowed to go to the schools in their neighborhoods as they had done
before. This case was special. Usually, of course, the President does not step
into such matters. He leaves them to the courts. If President Roosevelt had not
written to the school board, what do you think the court might have decided?
[1973] (139) The resulting San Francisco School Crisis was only
partially settled by Theodore Roosevelt's apologies to the Japanese and by a
Gentlemen's Agreement with Japan under which Japan voluntarily limited Japanese
emigration to the United States and the United States agreed to end the
discrimination against Japanese immigrants.
[1974]
[1975] −
[1976] −
[1978a] −
[1978b] (443) President Roosevelt moved into the muddle with his usual
vigor. First, he persuaded the San Francisco school board to withdraw its plan
to segregate Oriental children. Second, he got the Japanese government to
promise that it would no longer allow its people to emigrate to the United
States as laborers. Since nothing was formally signed by the two governments,
the arrangement was called the "Gentlemen's Agreement." For a time
the crisis was eased.
[1980]
[1981a]
[1981b] (419-20) Then, later in 1906, another problem arose with Japan. It
began when the school board in San Francisco ordered the segregation of Asian
children into separate schools. Although there was talk of war in both
countries, the matter was settled peacefully in 1907 through a Gentlemen's
Agreement between the two notions. Under pressure from President Roosevelt, the
San Francisco school board agreed to stop requiring that Asian children be
segregated. In return, Japan agreed to limit the immigration of workers coming
to the United States. This ended the dispute.
[1982a]
[1982b]
[1982c] −
[1982d]
[1982e] (557) Finally, in 1924, the policy became law. An immigration quota
was set for each European country. Germany and Britain had large quotas.
However, the allotments for countries such as Greece and Poland were extremely
limited. In addition, all Asian immigration was ended.
[1982f]
[1983a] −
[1983b] (326) Roosevelt
was angered by the school board's action, but because school boards are under
local and state laws, there was not much he could do. The President finally persuaded the school
board to drop its order in return for a promise that he would get Japan to curb
the heavy immigration.
This was done through what was called the Gentlemen's Agreement with Japan in
1907. Thus the crisis passed.
[1983c] (639) Roosevelt was angered by the school board's action, but
because school boards are under local and state laws, there was not much he
could do. The President finally persuaded the school board to drop its order in
return for a promise that he would get Japan to curb the heavy immigration.
This was done through what was called the Gentlemen's Agreement with Japan in
1907. Thus the crisis passed.
[1983d]
[1984] (338) Because there was little President Roosevelt could
do to budge the insistent Californians, he struck a gentleman's agreement with
Tokyo restricting Japanese immigration to the United States. (In 1913
California denied Japanese residents the right to own property. Tokyo protested
again.)
[1985a] (598) Roosevelt feared that if war should come the United States
would have great difficulty in defending the Philippines, the nation's recently
acquired "Achilles heel." In keeping with his motto, the African
proverb "Speak softly and carry a big stick," Roosevelt offered Japan
both concessions and a show of American naval might. . . . Meanwhile he
persuaded San Francisco to desegregate its schools and, in the
"Gentlemen's Agreement" of 1907, he induced the Japanese government
to limit migration to the United States.
[1985b] (492) President Roosevelt was upset over
the action taken by the San Francisco school
board. He invited the mayor and the school
board to the White House. He persuaded them
to cancel their order to keep the Asian children
separate from the other school children.
He also got Japan to agree to stop laborers
from leaving Japan for the United States.
This arrangement between the United States
and Japan was known as the "Gentlemen's
Agreement."
[1985c] −
[1986a] −
[1986b]
[1986c] (523) White farmers resented the success the Japanese. They put
pressure on President Roosevelt to limit immigration from Japan. In response,
he made a Gentlemen's Agreement with Japan in 1907. Japan agreed to limit the
number of workers coming to America.
[1986d] (530) During the years after World War I, Japan played an
increasingly important part in world affairs. It took part in peace conferences
and disarmament meetings and was a member of the League of Nations. It remained
sensitive to the custom of saving face in dealing with foreign nations. Saving
face was particularly important when the United States, in 1907, greatly slowed
Japanese immigration. The Japanese regarded this restriction on immigration as
an insult, and they did not soon forget it.
[1986e] −
[1986f] (370) Starting in the 1880s, Congress passed laws to
discourage immigration from certain places. From 1882 to 1943 Chinese workers
were forbidden by Congress to immigrate to the United States. (In 1907
President Theodore Roosevelt made an agreement with Japan to stop Japanese
workers from coming to the United States.)
[1987a]
[1987b] −
[1988]
[1989a] ？
[1989b]
[1990a] (540) Japan protested, and Roosevelt intervened to soften what the
Japanese regarded as a racial insult. The President denounced the school
board's action as a "wicked absurdity." He persuaded the school board
to accept a compromise under which the board would return the Asian children to
regular schools, and he would take steps to restrict further Japanese
immigration.
[1990b] ？
[1990c]
[1990d] (699) Though the Japanese were insulted, they agreed to limit the
migration of unskilled workers to the United States in a gentleman's agreement
signed in 1907. In return, the segregation law was repealed, but not without
costs in relations between the two nations. Roosevelt also relied on the use of
diplomacy and negotiation in his effort to balance Asian powers against one
another.
[1990e]
[1991] (460) Diplomats from both nations agreed to try to solve
the problem. In 1907-1908 they came to an understanding. Under what was called
the Gentlemen's Agreement, Japanese immigration was greatly restricted. At the
same time, San Francisco canceled its plan for a separate Asian school. Yet
relations between the United States and Japan remained chilly.
[1992a] −
[1992b]
[1992c]
[1992d] (444) Then, in 1907, President Theodore Roosevelt without the use of
any law against the Japanese persuaded the Japanese government to stop their
people from emigrating. This un-American agreement came to be called the
"Gentlemen's Agreement." And this became the slang expression for any
agreement to discriminate against people when you were ashamed to admit what
you were really doing.
[1992e] (444) Then, in 1907, President Theodore Roosevelt without the use of
any law against the Japanese persuaded the Japanese government to stop their
people from emigrating. This un-American agreement came to be called the
"Gentlemen's Agreement." And this became the slang expression for any
agreement to discriminate against people when you were ashamed to admit what
you were really doing.
[1992f]
[1992g] (289) Eager to soothe Japanese feelings, President Roosevelt
denounced the school board's action as a "wicked absurdity" and the
work of "infernal fools." He persuaded the school board to accept a
compromise. If the board would return the Asian children of proper age to
regular schools, he would take steps to restrict further Japanese immigration.
[1992h]
[1993a] (581) Roosevelt scolded the school board and assured the Japanese
that he had no sympathy with the "outrageous agitation" of the
Californians. He could not, however, silence the yellow press or the
"idiots" in the California legislature. Yet he was unwilling to ask
the Japanese to concede any racial inferiority. The State Department resolved
the crisis by negotiating the "Gentlemen's Agreement" of 1907, an
official but informal understanding that bound both countries to stop direct
immigration between them. This crisis focused attention on the whole
immigration question. In
large degree Roosevelt shared the common prejudice against the unrestricted
entry of southern and eastern Europeans and Asians. Still, he feared that a
general debate about immigration in 1906 would complicate relations with Japan
and possibly divide the Republicans, some of whom were urging enactment of a
literary test for immigrants.
[1993b] −
[1994a] (272) Only after bringing a great deal of pressure on local
authorities did Roosevelt succeed in getting the action reversed. At the same
time, he promised Californians that Japanese immigration would be curbed. In
the Gentlemen's Agreement, a series of notes made up in 1907 and 1908, Japan
promised to issue no more passports to workers seeking to emigrate to the
United States.
[1994b] (696-7) In 1906, the San Francisco school board, claiming that
Japanese children were "crowding the whites out of the schools,"
segregated them into separate schools and asked Roosevelt to persuade Japan to
stop the emigration of its people. Though the Japanese were insulted, they
agreed to limit the migration of unskilled workers to the United States in a
gentleman's agreement signed in 1907. In return, the segregation law was
repealed, but not without costs in relations between the two nations.
[1994c] (498) Japanese immigrants quickly began to buy or rent farmland of
their own. Entire families worked long, tough hours in the desert sun. Other
Japanese immigrants branched out into the fishing and canning industries. The
Japanese grew successful as they became producers as well as suppliers and
distributors of many different goods. . . . Then, in 1907 under the so-called
"Gentlemen's Agreement," Japan agreed not to give passports to
workers headed for California. Still not satisfied, the California legislature
in 1913 made it illegal for non-Citizens to own land.
[1994d]
[1995a] −
[1995b]
[1995c] −
[1996a] (625) Roosevelt, fuming at the "infernal fools in
California," summoned the mayor of San Francisco and seven school board
members to the White House. In exchange for an end to the segregation order,
Roosevelt offered to arrange a mutual restriction of immigration between Japan
and the United States. In 1907 all sides accepted his "gentlemen's
agreement."
[1996b] (433) The following year, President Roosevelt quieted the crisis by
striking a "gentleman's agreement" with Tokyo, restricting the influx
of Japanese immigrants; San Francisco then rescinded its segregation order.
[1996c]
[1996d] −
[1996e] (392) KEY EVENTS. 1905, Treaty of Portsmouth:
ends Russo-Japanese War. 1907, "Gentlemen's
Agreement:" U.S. agrees to mutual restriction
of immigration with Japan. "Great White
Fleet:" New U.S. battle fleet embarks
on world tour. (395) Review Questions. MULTIPLE
CHOICE. 4. The "gentlemen's agreement"
of 1907 restricted immigration into the U.S.
from: a. Mexico. b. Ireland. c. China. d.
Japan.
[1997a]
[1997b] (284) In 1907 Roosevelt worked out a "gentlemen's
agreement" with Japan whereby the Japanese government limited the number
of Japanese allowed to leave for the United States. All of these restrictions
were targeted at specific groups. Still many Americans wanted much broader
restrictions that would dramatically limit immigration from southern and
eastern Europe. (301) Roosevelt soothed Japanese humiliation with "A
Gentleman's Agreement" in 1907 that ended school segregation in San
Francisco -- while at the same time controlling Japanese immigration to
California.
[1998a] (797) Roosevelt, fuming at the "infernal fools in
California," summoned the mayor of San Francisco and seven school board
members to the White House. In exchange for an end to the segregation order
Roosevelt offered to arrange a mutual restriction of immigration between Japan
and the United States. In 1907 all sides accepted his "gentlemen's
agreement."
[1998b] −
[1998c] (715) Though the Japanese were insulted, they agreed to limit the
migration of unskilled workers to the United States in a gentleman's agreement
signed in 1907. In return, the segregation law was repealed, but not without
costs in relations between the two nations.
[1999a] −
[1999b] (629) Roosevelt, fuming at the "infernal fools in
California," summoned the mayor of San Francisco and seven school board
members to the White House. In exchange for an end to the segregation order,
Roosevelt offered to arrange a mutual restriction of immigration between Japan
and the United States. In 1907 all sides accepted his "gentlemen's
agreement."
[1999c] (555) After 1907, immigration of Japanese laborers stopped because
of an agreement between the United States and Japan. (659) Roosevelt brought
the city's school officials to Washington and convinced them to withdraw the
segregation order in return for his efforts to cut off Japanese immigration. He
soon carried out his part of the bargain through a so-called gentlemen's
agreement, by which Japan agreed informally to limit the departure of laborers
to the United States.
[2000a] (276) Anti-Asian nativism, especially strong in California, led
Congress to pass the Chinese Exclusion Act, banning the entry of Chinese
laborers after 1882. Nevertheless, increasing numbers of Japanese immigrants
continued the transformation of California agriculture, especially after 1900.
[2000b] −