[1952]
[1961] (664) The Japanese were also aroused because the
immigration act of 1924 ended the Gentlemen's Agreement of 1907, which Japan
had faithfully observed, and closed the doors completely to Japanese
immigrants.
[1962]
[1963]
[1964a] (561) Three years later the Immigration Quota Law made restriction a
permanent policy. This law of 1924 temporarily reduced the quota still further,
setting it at 2 per cent of those resident in this country in 1800. It also
provided that after 1927 the total number of immigrants admitted to the United
States par year was to be 150,000, their nationalities apportioned on the basis
of the census of 1920. In spite of strong objection from President Coolidge,
the 1924 law excluded Japanese entirely.
[1964b] ？
[1964c] (456) Then, in 1924 Congress enacted the National Origins Act. This
measure not only banned the people of East Asia entirely, but set a quota of 2
per cent for Europeans, and this on the basis of the 1890 census. It cut the
yearly total to 164,000, heavily weighted in favor of those from northwestern
Europe.
[1964d]
[1964e] (529) Then in 1924 a law limiting immigration in general was passed.
This law forbade most immigration from Asian countries and limited the number
of other newcomers to about 150,000 a year. The number of immigrants to come
from each country was known as a quota. Quotas were based upon the number of
persons of each nationality in the United States. The quota system did not cut
down the number of immigrants from the countries of western Europe as sharply
as it did immigration from other parts of Europe.
[1965]
[1966a] (527) Then in 1924 a law limiting immigration in general was
passed. This law forbade most immigration from Asian countries and limited the
number of other newcomers to about 150,000 a year. The number of immigrants to
come from each country was known as a quota. Quotas were based upon the number
of persons of each nationality in the United States. The quota system did not
cut down the number of immigrants from the countries of western Europe as
sharply as it did immigration from other parts of Europe.
[1966b] ？
[1966c]
[1966d] −
[1966e] (655) But those who wanted to restrict immigration still were not
satisfied. They felt it was important that the American population be
predominantly white, "Anglo-Saxon," and Protestant. President
Coolidge gave them his support by announcing that "new arrivals should be
limited to our capacity to absorb them into the ranks of good citizenship.
America must be kept American." In 1924, therefore, Congress passed an
immigration act which reduced the quota for each country to 2 per cent of the
number of that nationality living in the United States in 1890. This measure not only reduced the
number of immigrants admitted to about 160,000 a year but favored those who
came from northern and western Europe. Furthermore, immigrants from Asia were
specifically barred. This provision angered the Japanese, who had scrupulously
lived up to the Gentlemen's Agreement (page 593).
[1967a]
[1967b]
[1967c]
[1968a] −
[1968b]
[1968c]
[1969a]
[1969b]
[1969c]
[1969d]
[1970]
[1971a]
[1971b]
[1972]
[1973] (165)
By 1924, the United States Congress had passed a bill outlawing Oriental
immigration to the United States. This bill, as had the failure of the racial equality
proposal at Paris in 1919, provoked a significant protest against the West on
the part of the people of Japan. The protest grew when high tariffs were
subsequently placed on Japanese goods by the West.
[1974]
[1975] −
[1976] −
[1978a] −
[1978b] (488) It was followed by the National Origins Act of 1924. The
intent of both laws was the same. They strictly limited the number of
immigrants to be admitted each year (150,000 finally). And they gave each
European nation a quota. The quotas were based on the number of people in the
United States who could trace their origins to the particular country. As this
worked out, the Act gave generous allowances to the countries of northern and
western Europe. Those in eastern and southern Europe got very small quotas. People from the Western Hemisphere
were admitted in large numbers, but Asiatics were barred altogether. The effect
was immediate. The "Golden Door" was slammed shut, and immigration
fell to a trickle. It was an act of racism, reflecting the belief that
Italians, Greeks, Russian Jews, and all Orientals were unworthy of becoming
Americans.
[1980]
[1981a]
[1981b]
[1982a] (304) The Japanese were also aroused because the immigration act of
1924 ended the Gentlemen's Agreement of 1907. Japan had faithfully observed the
agreement and resented the policies which closed the doors to Japanese
immigrants.
[1982b] (593) To deal with the huge number of immigrants fleeing Europe, a
Republican Congress passed several laws to limit immigration. A "quota
system" favored immigration from England and Northern Europe. It strongly
discriminated against "new" immigration from Eastern and Southern
Europe and the rest of the world.
[1982c] −
[1982d]
[1982e]
[1982f]
[1983a] −
[1983b] (165) And in the immigration law of 1924, Japan was the only country
to be denied even the minimum quota of 100 per year.
[1983c] (441) And in the immigration law of 1924, Japan was the only country
to be denied even the minimum quota of 100 per year.
[1983d]
[1984] (368-9) But this law, meant to be temporary, did not
satisfy restrictionists' aims, so Congress replaced it with the National
Origins Act of 1924. The new law set the quota at 2 percent of each nationality
residing in the United States in 1890. The National Origins Act was amended in
1927, at which time Congress set a limit of 150,000 immigrants a year --
including 65,721 from Great Britain and 25,957 from Germany, but only 5,802
from Italy and 2,712 from Russia. These laws virtually excluded Orientals, but
left the door open to peoples from the Western Hemisphere. Soon Mexicans and
Puerto Ricans became the largest groups of newcomers.
[1985a] (627) As for people from eastern Asia, they were denied admittance
by a provision excluding persons ineligible for American citizenship (the
Supreme Court had declared east Asians ineligible). . . . So this provision of
the 1924 law was a slap at the Japanese, and they referred to it as the
Japanese Exclusion Act. If the Japanese had been put on a quota, as Europeans
were, fewer than 200 of them would have been admitted each year.
[1985b]
[1985c] −
[1986a] −
[1986b] (768) The Japanese were also aroused because the immigration act of
1924 ended the Gentlemen's Agreement of 1907. Japan had faithfully observed the
agreement and resented the policies which closed the doors to Japanese
immigrants.
[1986c] (591) The quota system favored immigration from Northern Europe,
especially from Britain. Later, Congress passed new laws to slow immigration
even more, especially from Asia and Eastern Europe.
[1986d]
[1986e] −
[1986f] (370) In 1924 Congress limited the number of immigrants from
eastern and southern Europe. Congress also stated how many immigrants could
come from each country. This is called a quota system. A 1929 law lowered the
number of immigrants to 150,000 a year. A law passed by Congress in 1952 made a
number of changes in earlier laws, however. It allowed a few Asian groups,
including Japanese, to immigrate.
[1987a]
[1987b] −
[1988] (534) In 1924, Congress passed an even stricter law.
This law limited immigration levels to those recorded over thirty years
earlier. Immigrants from each country could not number more than they did in
1890. Thus, the number of immigrants coming from southern and eastern Europe
was even more restricted. A 1929 law adjusted these quotas to make them more
fair. But this law also reduced the total number of immigrants per year to only
150,000. Asians still were kept out almost completely.
[1989a] ？
[1989b] (684) While military leaders gained more power within Japan,
increasing discrimination against Asians by Western nations in the 1920s fed
the fires of militarism and turned the Japanese away from international
cooperation. For instance, the United States Congress had passed the
Immigration Act of 1924, which forbade Japanese immigration to the United
States.
[1990a]
[1990b] ？
[1990c] (602) In 1924, Congress passed a law which limited the number of
people from Europe who could enter the United States in any given year to
150,000. Each country in Europe was assigned a quota that is, a share of the
total number. The law was designed so that countries in southern and eastern
Europe, where the new immigrants came from, got much smaller quotas than the
countries of northern and western Europe. Asian and African nations got no
quotas at all.
[1990d]
[1990e]
[1991]
[1992a] −
[1992b]
[1992c] (266) In 1920 Congress passed the Immigration Act, setting for the
first time national quotas on the number of immigrants allowed. Gone were the
pre-World War I days of virtually unlimited admission; four years later, the
Johnson-Reed Act reduced further the number of immigrants to be admitted to a
mere 150,000, divided by quotas so that almost 90 percent of even that small
number had to come from northwestern Europe.
[1992d] (580) The
nation seemed to have forgotten its own origins! Free immigration had made the
United States a free nation.
Then in 192l national quotas for immigrants were introduced. The National
Origins Act of 1924 reduced quotas until, in 1929, only 150,000 immigrants were
allowed to enter the United States each year. . . . The National Origins Act
barred all Chinese, Japanese, and other Asians. It is not surprising that in
Japan there were "hate America" meetings held on "Humiliation
Day," July 1, 1924.
[1992e] (580) The nation seemed to have forgotten its own origins! Free
immigration had made the United States a free nation. Then in 192l national
quotas for immigrants were introduced. The National Origins Act of 1924 reduced
quotas until, in 1929, only 150,000 immigrants were allowed to enter the United
States each year. . . . The National Origins Act barred all Chinese, Japanese,
and other Asians. It is not surprising that in Japan there were "hate
America" meetings held on "Humiliation Day," July 1, 1924.
[1992f] (626) The government restricted immigration from China and
Japan, but other attempts to close the door to immigrants failed.
[1992g] (337) Quotas expanded. The Immigration Act of 1924 set even stricter
limits. The quota was lowered from 3 percent to 2 percent. And the 2 percent
now applied to the number of foreign-born who were living in the United States
in 1890. . . . The act treated the Japanese even more harshly, barring them
altogether as "aliens ineligible for citizenship." (338) But, as a
result of the laws, immigration from Asia and Africa was sharply cut back.
[1992h]
[1993a] (653) The act, furthermore, included a provision that West Coast
racists had been urging for years. It forbade the immigration of Asians, thus
terminating the Gentlemen's Agreement (see p. 581) and insulting the Japanese.
"It has undone the work of the Washington Conference," Charles Evans
Hughes wrote, "and implanted seeds of . . . antagonism." Asians,
African-Americans, Hispanics, Catholics, and Jews were all victims of the
prejudice based on the ethnic self-consciousness of white, Protestant Americans
of older stock. Even many educated and comfortable people, who should have
known better, attributed to race, religion, or national origin varying
qualities of character and intelligence, always with the assumption that
Americans of old stock were a superior breed.
[1993b] −
[1994a] (315-6) Most Asians were already barred. The National Origins Act of
1924 cut quotas to 2 percent and made the base year 1890, when the proportion
of "Nordics" in the American population had been much higher than in
1910. The National Origins Act also shut the door completely on Japanese
immigrants. It was a national humiliation for Japan, which warned that the act
would have "grave consequences."
[1994b]
[1994c] (498) In 1924, Congress ended all immigration from Japan.
[1994d]
[1995a] −
[1995b]
[1995c] −
[1996a] (672-3) In 1921 Senators Henry Cabot Lodge of Massachusetts
and Hiram Johnson of California sponsored emergency legislation that cut off
the flood of immigrants at 350,000 a year. A quota perceled out available
spaces by admitting up to 3 percent of each nationality living in the United
States as of 1910. Asian immigration was banned entirely. In 1924 a new
National Origins Act reduced the quota to 150,000 and pushed the base year back
to 1890, before the bulk of southern and eastern Europeans arrived. The
National Origins Act fixed the pattern of immigration for the next four
decades. Immigration from southern and eastern Europe was reduced to a trickle.
The free flow of Europeans to America, a migration of classes and nationalities
that had been unimpeded for 300 years, came to an end.
[1996b] (468-9) The Johnson Act, meant to be temporary, did not satisfy
restrictionists, so Congress replaced it with the Immigration Act (Johnson-Reid
Act) in 1924. This law limited annual immigration to 165,000 (less than
one-fifth of prewar annual totals) and set quotas at 2 percent of each
nationaity residing in the United States in 1890 census, national origins
policy fixed an annual limit of 150,000 immigratns, with each country receiving
a fraction of that number equal to the percentage of people in the U.S.
population in 1920 who derived from that country by birth or descent. This
system fixed quotas of roughly 66,000 from Great Britain and 26,000 from
Germany, but it allowed only 6,000 from Italy and 2,700 from Russia. It also
excluded almost all Asians but set no quotas for peoples from the Western
Hemisphere. Soon Canadians, Mexicans, and Puerto Ricans became the largest
groups of newcomers (see figure).
[1996c]
[1996d] −
[1996e]
[1997a] (279) Congress, in the twenties, put an end to the dangerous,
turbulent flood of immigrants (14 million between 1900 and 1920) by passing
laws setting immigration quotas: the quotas favored Anglo-Saxons, kept out
black and yellow people, limited severely the coming of Latins, Slavs, Jews.
[1997b] (406) The Cleveland Plain Dealer stated in an editorial,
"Immigration is a domestic problem. The Japanese are neither as unsophisticated
nor so domineering as to try to override the clearly expressed will of friendly
America." Congress soon moved to strengthen immigration restrictions even
more.
[1998a] (855) In 1921 Senators Henry Cabot Lodge of Massachusetts and Hiram
Johnson of California sponsored emergency legislation that reduced the flood of
immigrants to 350,000 a year. That quota parceled out available spaces by
admitting up to 3 percent of each nationality living in the United States as of
1910. Asian immigration was banned entirely. In 1924 a new National Origins Act
cut the quota to 150,000 and pushed the base year back to 1890, before the bulk
of southern and eastern Europeans had arrived. To control the flow of illegal
aliens, Congress also created the Border Patrol. Its 450 agents, stationed
along the boundaries with Canada and Mexico, were scarcely enough to make
anything other than a symbolic statement of restrictionist sentiment. The
National Origins Act fixed the pattern of immigration for the next four decades.
Immigration from southern and eastern Europeans continued. In Congress support
for restriction was especially strong among rural members who saw it as a
matter of race and religion and also of beliefs and loyalties. . . . The free
movement of Europeans to America, a migration of classes and nationalities that
had been unimpeded for 300 years, came to an end.
[1998b] −
[1998c]
[1999a] −
[1999b] (676) In 1921 Senators Henry Cabot Lodge of Massachusetts and Hiram
Johnson of California sponsored legislation that cut off the flood of
immigrants at 350,000 a year. A quota parceled out available spaces by
admitting up to 3 percent of each nationality living in the United States as of
1910. Asian immigration was virtually banned. In 1924 a new National Origins
Act reduced the quota to 150,000 and pushed the base year back to 1890, before
the bulk of southern and eastern Europeans arrived. The National Origins Act
fixed the pattern of immigration for the next four decades. Immigration from
southern and eastern Europe was reduced to a trickle. The free flow of
Europeans to America, a migration of classes and nationalities that had been
unimpeded for 300 years, came to an end.
[1999c]
[2000a] (276) The restrictive immigration acts of the 1920s, however, once
again reshaped California's labor pool, drastically limiting the inflow of
workers from most nations and banning Asian immigration entirely.
[2000b] −