[1952]
[1961]
[1962]
[1963]
[1964a]
[1964b]
[1964c]
[1964d]
[1964e]
[1965]
[1966a]
[1966b]
[1966c]
[1966d] −
[1966e] (741) After
the war, the government in effect recognized its error and appropriated funds
to compensate these Japanese-Americans.
[1967a]
[1967b]
[1967c]
[1968a] −
[1968b]
[1968c]
[1969a]
[1969b]
[1969c]
[1969d]
[1970]
[1971a]
[1971b]
[1972]
[1973]
[1974] (758) Although
the Supreme Court upheld the relocation policy, the government later paid
compensation to the displaced for their property losses.
[1975] −
[1976] −
[1978a] −
[1978b]
[1980]
[1981a]
[1981b] (608-9) All of the 110,000 Japanese Americans on the Pacific Coast
were subject to this order. They were forced to sell their homes, their
belongings, and their businesses -- often at a loss. They were then interned --
placed or confined -- in the various camps that had been set up. Living
conditions in the internment camps were poor. People were allowed to bring only
what they could carry. Their new living quarters were often two small rooms
that had once been used as stables. Located in the desert areas of Arizona and
California or in isolated parts of Colorado and Wyoming, the camps were subject
to extreme temperatures. Sandstorms and snowstorms were frequent. No other
group of Americans suffered this type of imprisonment during the war. Some
German and Italian prisoners of war were brought to the United States, where
they worked as laborers on farms and army bases. But as a group, Americans of
German and Italian descent did not experience the hatred, suspicion, or
imprisonment that the Japanese Americans were forced to endure.
[1982a] (338) After the war Americans regretted their unjustified actions
against the Nisei. In 1945 the Nisei were permitted to leave the detention
camps and settle wherever they wished. In 1948 Congress passed an act to help
the Nisei recover a part of their losses.
[1982b] (635) They had to sell their homes and possessions and move to
crowded, hastily built internment camps. . . . After the war, the government
paid money to some Japanese Americans for the loss of their homes and
belongings. But it is estimated that only about ten percent of the total financial
losses suffered by these people was ever repaid.
[1982c] −
[1982d]
[1982e]
[1982f]
[1983a] −
[1983b] (166) They were forced to leave their homes, businesses, and jobs on
short notice. Allowed to take only what they could carry, the Japanese Americans
sold most of their possessions for whatever they could get. Often that wasn't
much. This passage explains why. Many opportunists were waiting for the prices
on Japanese-owned property to go very low before they bid on it, Henry Takemori
and his wife owned a grocery store in Phoenix, Arizona, inside the prohibited
zone, "When it came time to sell . . . potential buyers knew that the
longer they held out. the less it would cost them. Finally, only two days
before the Takemoris were scheduled to board the Greyhound buses leaving for
Mayer assembly center with 242 bewildered passengers. they sold the $15,000
property for $800 -- about the price of a new meat case.” Behind barbed wire.
It is estimated that Japanese Americans lost $400 million as a result of their
forced removal.
[1983c] (442) They were forced to leave their homes, businesses, and jobs on
short notice. Allowed to take only what they could carry, the Japanese
Americans sold most of their possessions for whatever they could get. Often
that wasn't much. This passage explains why. Many opportunists were waiting for
the prices on Japanese-owned property to go very low before they bid on it,
Henry Takemori and his wife owned a grocery store in Phoenix, Arizona, inside
the prohibited zone, "When it came time to sell . . . potential buyers
knew that the longer they held out. the less it would cost them. Finally, only
two days before the Takemoris were scheduled to board the Greyhound buses
leaving for Mayer assembly center with 242 bewildered passengers. they sold the
$15,000 property for $800 -- about the price of a new meat case.” Behind barbed
wire. It is estimated that Japanese Americans lost $400 million as a result of
their forced removal.
[1983d] −
[1984] (426) Besides their freedom, the Japanese-Americans lost
property estimated at $500 million, along with their positions in the
truck-garden, floral, and fishing industries. Indeed, their economic
competitors were among the most vocal proponents of their relocation.
[1985a] (734) They suffered, on the average, the loss of 40 percent of their
property, and were barred from gainful employment for several years.
[1985b] (573) They lost their homes and businesses. Japanese Americans in
other parts of the country suffered from discrimination. The episode remains an
strain on American democracy.
[1985c] (249) A government order dated December 8, 1941, froze their bank
accounts leaving them without funds. To raise cash, they had to sell any
possessions they could. Other Americans and local governments took advantage of
their plight, offering to buy possessions and property at low prices that
rarely reflected the value of the goods. These Japanese-Americans could never
regain most possessions and property lost in this way.
[1986a] −
[1986b] (807) After the war Americans regretted their unjustified actions
against the Nisei. In 1945 the Nisei were permitted to leave the detention
camps and settle wherever they wished. In 1948 Congress passed an act to help
the Nisei recover a part of their losses. (807) [Picture] Hastily built
tarpaper barracks were the new homes for Japanese Americans in 1942 when they
were forced to leave their former homes and relocate in detention camps. This
camp was set up in the desert near Manzanar, California.
[1986c] (634) Over 100,000 Japanese Americans on the West Coast were ordered
to sell their homes, land, and belongings.
[1986d] −
[1986e] −
[1986f] (500) [Picture] Japanese Americans being sent to detention
camps during World War II. They had to sell at low prices the homes and
property they left behind. (501) [Picture] Vietnamese refugees beginning a new
life in the United States. How does this reflect the spirit of America's
history?
[1987a] −
[1987b] −
[1988] (620) HISTORY MAKERS: Yoshiko Uchida. Member of family
Number 13453. The family was listed as number 13453. They had ten days to pack
before they had to report to the Civil Control Station -- ten days to decide
what to take, what to give away, what to sell, and what to save. Friends took
the piano and boxes of books. Some furniture went into storage, and some was
sold. Their old collie, Laddie, was given away. On the last morning, neighbors
brought breakfast, then drove them to the Civil Control Station at the First
Congregational Church. As they entered the church, the family saw armed
soldiers guarding the doors. Family 13453, the Uchidas, lived in Berkeley,
California. Dwight and Iku Uchida were Japanese immigrants who, because of
their nationality, could not become citizens. Their daughters, Yoshiko and
Keiko, were American citizens born in the United States. (T116) They lost 70
million dollars worth of farms and farm equipment. They lost 35 million dollars
worth of produce. They lost their life savings. But these Japanese-Americans
had done nothing wrong.
[1989a] (634) Over 100,000 Japanese Americans on the West Coast were ordered
to sell their homes, land, and belongings.
[1989b] −
[1990a] (674) They had to sell their homes, businesses, and most of their
personal possessions for whatever prices they could get on short notice.
[1990b] (571) They were forced to sell their homes and businesses on short
notice and at sacrifice Prices.
[1990c] (665) After the war some of the Japanese Americans were eventually
paid by the government for the loss of their property. The payments they
received, however, covered no more than 20 percent of their losses.
[1990d] (863) Those who were forced to leave their homes, farms, and
businesses lost almost all their property and possessions. Farmers left their
crops to be harvested by their American neighbors. Store owners sold out for a
small percentage of what their goods were worth. No personal items or household
goods could be transported. The Japanese-Americans lost their worldly
possessions, and something more -- their pride and respect.
[1990e] (647) As a result of this action, thousands were forced to sell
their homes and businesses at short notice, causing financial ruin.
[1991] (612) These people, most of whom lived along the West
Coast, were put in "relocation centers" -- in effect, concentration
camps. Families being relocated were not allowed to take any of their major
possessions with them. Many lost homes and businesses during their period of
internment (imprisonment).
[1992a] −
[1992b]
[1992c] (290) The Japanese-Americans, forced to leave behind their land,
their homes, and most of their belongings, brought suit against the United
States government, but the Supreme Court upheld the government's actions in
Hirabayashi v. United States and Kurematsu v. United States. In 1968, however,
the government reimbursed many of those who had been relocated for lost
property,
[1992d] (677) They were forced to sell their homes and businesses on short
notice and at sacrifice prices.
[1992e] (677) They were forced to sell their homes and businesses on short
notice and at sacrifice prices.
[1992f] (649) They were forced to sell their homes and property,
although they were innocent of any crimes.
[1992g] (473) Sadly, these victims had to sell their homes, businesses, and
most of their personal possessions. They were forced to take whatever prices
they could get on such short notice. Japanese American families found that
their new homes were wooden barracks, with one room per family.
[1992h]
[1993a]
[1993b] −
[1994a] (357) Their work, along with the realization of how unfairly
Japanese-American families had been treated, finally induced the federal
government to pay more than $35 million to the evacuees for property losses.
But this was very little compensation for the immense damage that had been
done. In a series of decisions near the end of the war, the Supreme Court
upheld the essential features of the removal program.
[1994b] (865) Those who were forced to leave their homes, farms, and
businesses lost almost all their property and possessions. Farmers left their
crops to be harvested by their American neighbors. Store owners sold out for a
small percentage of what their goods were worth. No personal items or household
goods could be transported. The Japanese-Americans lost their worldly
possessions, and something more -- their pride and respect.
[1994c] (498) Most of the internees had to give up or sell their possessions
at a loss. (563) It forced Japanese Americans to sell their property and move
to "relocation" camps inland. There they lived in shabby barracks
surrounded by barbed wire.
[1994d]
[1995a] −
[1995b]
[1995c] −
[1996a] (759) Most Nisei incurred heavy financial losses as they sold
property at far below market value.
[1996b] (527) Japanese-Americans were forced to sell property valued at $500
million, and they lost their positions in the truck-garden, moral, and fishing
industries. Indeed, their economic competitors were among the most vocal
proponents of their relocation.
[1996c] (256) (2) U.S. GOVERNMENT POSTER EXECUTIVE ORDER 9066. Japanese
Americans lost their homes, businesses, and jobs because of this action by the
U.S. government. Read the following quotes, which describe the ordeal most
Japanese Americans experienced. "The government did not tell us whether we
would be able to come back or not. They did not promise us anything. So I told
my wife that perhaps the best thing would be to sell our furniture and buy food
and medicines and things like that. Our younger daughter was only four months
old, and the older one was four years old, and we didn't know if there would be
doctors or hospitals in the camp. So we took in as much medicine and baby food
as possible."
[1996d] −
[1996e]
[1997a]
[1997b] (547) Economic Hardship. The executive order subjected Japanese
Americans to extreme economic hardship. Because they were permitted to take
only a few belongings with them to the camps, they were forced to sell most of
their possessions. Bargain hunters descended on their farms and businesses to
take advantage of the evacuees. Signs began to appear reading Evacuation Sale
-- Furniture Must All Be Sold. In the end most Japanese American families
received about 5 cents for every dollar's worth of their possessions. Property
not immediately sold was either stored or left with friends. Much of this was
stolen, vandalized, or sold through legal loopholes. Even more devastating was
the loss of farms, houses, and places of business. Estimates of this loss hover
around $500 million.
[1998a] (962-3) Most Nisei incurred heavy financial losses as they
sold property at far below market value. Their distress became a windfall for
people who had long resented their economic competition. "We've been
charged with wanting to get rid of the Japs for selfish reasons," admitted
the Grower-Shipper Vegetable Association. "We might as well be honest, We
do. It's a question of whether the white man lives on the Pacific Coast or the
brown man."
[1998b] −
[1998c] (887) Those who were forced to leave their homes, farms, and
businesses lost almost all their property and possessions. Farmers left their
crops to be harvested by their American neighbors. Store owners sold out for a
small percentage of what their goods were worth. No personal items or household
goods could be transported. The Japanese Americans lost their worldly
possessions, and something more -- their pride and respect.
[1999a] −
[1999b] (764) Most Nisei were forced to sell their property at far
below market value.
[1999c] (835) Banks froze Japanese-American assets, stores refused service,
and loyal citizens vandalized Nisei and Issei homes and businesses. (836) The
orders to relocate gave Japanese Americans almost no time to prepare. Families
had to pack the few personal possessions they were allowed to take and to store
or try and sell the rest of their property, including homes and businesses.
Some had two weeks, others had two days, but it did not matter. Finding storage
facilities was nearly impossible, and most families had to sell their
possessions at ridiculously low prices. "It is difficult to describe the
feeling of despair and humiliation experienced," one man recalled,
"as we watched the Caucasians coming to look over all our possessions and
offering such nominal amounts knowing we had no recourse but to accept." A
twenty-six-room hotel was sold for $500; a pickup truck went for $25; farms
sold for a fraction of what they were worth. When denied a few additional days
to harvest his strawberry crop, one bitter farmer plowed it under. The FBI
promptly arrested him for sabotage. Japanese-American families lost an
estimated $810 million to $2 billion in property and possessions. As if having
to dispose of a lifetime of possessions almost overnight was not bad enough,
the process of internment produced a feeling of helplessness and isolation.
[2000a]
[2000b] −