| 1952 | |
| 1961 | (664) The Japanese were also aroused because the immigration act of 1924 ended the Gentlemen's Agreement of 1907, which Japan had faithfully observed, and closed the doors completely to Japanese immigrants. |
| 1962 | |
| 1963 | |
| 1964a | (561) Three years later the Immigration Quota Law made restriction a permanent policy. This law of 1924 temporarily reduced the quota still further, setting it at 2 per cent of those resident in this country in 1800. It also provided that after 1927 the total number of immigrants admitted to the United States par year was to be 150,000, their nationalities apportioned on the basis of the census of 1920. In spite of strong objection from President Coolidge, the 1924 law excluded Japanese entirely. |
| 1964b | ? |
| 1964c | (456) Then, in 1924 Congress enacted the National Origins Act. This measure not only banned the people of East Asia entirely, but set a quota of 2 per cent for Europeans, and this on the basis of the 1890 census. It cut the yearly total to 164,000, heavily weighted in favor of those from northwestern Europe. |
| 1964d | |
| 1964e | (529) Then in 1924 a law limiting immigration in general was passed. This law forbade most immigration from Asian countries and limited the number of other newcomers to about 150,000 a year. The number of immigrants to come from each country was known as a quota. Quotas were based upon the number of persons of each nationality in the United States. The quota system did not cut down the number of immigrants from the countries of western Europe as sharply as it did immigration from other parts of Europe. |
| 1965 | |
| 1966a | (527) Then in 1924 a law limiting immigration in general was passed. This law forbade most immigration from Asian countries and limited the number of other newcomers to about 150,000 a year. The number of immigrants to come from each country was known as a quota. Quotas were based upon the number of persons of each nationality in the United States. The quota system did not cut down the number of immigrants from the countries of western Europe as sharply as it did immigration from other parts of Europe. |
| 1966b | ? |
| 1966c | |
| 1966d | - |
| 1966e | (655) But those who wanted to restrict immigration still were not satisfied. They felt it was important that the American population be predominantly white, "Anglo-Saxon," and Protestant. President Coolidge gave them his support by announcing that "new arrivals should be limited to our capacity to absorb them into the ranks of good citizenship. America must be kept American." In 1924, therefore, Congress passed an immigration act which reduced the quota for each country to 2 per cent of the number of that nationality living in the United States in 1890. This measure not only reduced the number of immigrants admitted to about 160,000 a year but favored those who came from northern and western Europe. Furthermore, immigrants from Asia were specifically barred. This provision angered the Japanese, who had scrupulously lived up to the Gentlemen's Agreement (page 593). |
| 1967a | |
| 1967b | |
| 1967c | |
| 1968a | - |
| 1968b | |
| 1968c | |
| 1969a | |
| 1969b | |
| 1969c | |
| 1969d | |
| 1970 | |
| 1971a | |
| 1971b | |
| 1972 | |
| 1973 | (165) By 1924, the United States Congress had passed a bill outlawing Oriental immigration to the United States. This bill, as had the failure of the racial equality proposal at Paris in 1919, provoked a significant protest against the West on the part of the people of Japan. The protest grew when high tariffs were subsequently placed on Japanese goods by the West. |
| 1974 | |
| 1975 | - |
| 1976 | - |
| 1978a | - |
| 1978b | (488) It was followed by the National Origins Act of 1924. The intent of both laws was the same. They strictly limited the number of immigrants to be admitted each year (150,000 finally). And they gave each European nation a quota. The quotas were based on the number of people in the United States who could trace their origins to the particular country. As this worked out, the Act gave generous allowances to the countries of northern and western Europe. Those in eastern and southern Europe got very small quotas. People from the Western Hemisphere were admitted in large numbers, but Asiatics were barred altogether. The effect was immediate. The "Golden Door" was slammed shut, and immigration fell to a trickle. It was an act of racism, reflecting the belief that Italians, Greeks, Russian Jews, and all Orientals were unworthy of becoming Americans. |
| 1980 | |
| 1981a | |
| 1981b | |
| 1982a | (304) The Japanese were also aroused because the immigration act of 1924 ended the Gentlemen's Agreement of 1907. Japan had faithfully observed the agreement and resented the policies which closed the doors to Japanese immigrants. |
| 1982b | (593) To deal with the huge number of immigrants fleeing Europe, a Republican Congress passed several laws to limit immigration. A "quota system" favored immigration from England and Northern Europe. It strongly discriminated against "new" immigration from Eastern and Southern Europe and the rest of the world. |
| 1982c | - |
| 1982d | |
| 1982e | |
| 1983a | - |
| 1983b | (165) And in the immigration law of 1924, Japan was the only country to be denied even the minimum quota of 100 per year. |
| 1983c | (441) And in the immigration law of 1924, Japan was the only country to be denied even the minimum quota of 100 per year. |
| 1983d | |
| 1984 | (368-9) But this law, meant to be temporary, did not satisfy restrictionists' aims, so Congress replaced it with the National Origins Act of 1924. The new law set the quota at 2 percent of each nationality residing in the United States in 1890. The National Origins Act was amended in 1927, at which time Congress set a limit of 150,000 immigrants a year -- including 65,721 from Great Britain and 25,957 from Germany, but only 5,802 from Italy and 2,712 from Russia. These laws virtually excluded Orientals, but left the door open to peoples from the Western Hemisphere. Soon Mexicans and Puerto Ricans became the largest groups of newcomers. |
| 1985a | (627) As for people from eastern Asia, they were denied admittance by a provision excluding persons ineligible for American citizenship (the Supreme Court had declared east Asians ineligible). . . . So this provision of the 1924 law was a slap at the Japanese, and they referred to it as the Japanese Exclusion Act. If the Japanese had been put on a quota, as Europeans were, fewer than 200 of them would have been admitted each year. |
| 1985b | |
| 1985c | - |
| 1986a | - |
| 1986b | (768) The Japanese were also aroused because the immigration act of 1924 ended the Gentlemen's Agreement of 1907. Japan had faithfully observed the agreement and resented the policies which closed the doors to Japanese immigrants. |
| 1986c | (591) The quota system favored immigration from Northern Europe, especially from Britain. Later, Congress passed new laws to slow immigration even more, especially from Asia and Eastern Europe. |
| 1986d | |
| 1986e | - |
| 1986f | (370) In 1924 Congress limited the number of immigrants from eastern and southern Europe. Congress also stated how many immigrants could come from each country. This is called a quota system. A 1929 law lowered the number of immigrants to 150,000 a year. A law passed by Congress in 1952 made a number of changes in earlier laws, however. It allowed a few Asian groups, including Japanese, to immigrate. |
| 1987a | |
| 1987b | - |
| 1988 | (534) In 1924, Congress passed an even stricter law. This law limited immigration levels to those recorded over thirty years earlier. Immigrants from each country could not number more than they did in 1890. Thus, the number of immigrants coming from southern and eastern Europe was even more restricted. A 1929 law adjusted these quotas to make them more fair. But this law also reduced the total number of immigrants per year to only 150,000. Asians still were kept out almost completely. |
| 1989a | ? |
| 1989b | (684) While military leaders gained more power within Japan, increasing discrimination against Asians by Western nations in the 1920s fed the fires of militarism and turned the Japanese away from international cooperation. For instance, the United States Congress had passed the Immigration Act of 1924, which forbade Japanese immigration to the United States. |
| 1990a | |
| 1990b | ? |
| 1990c | (602) In 1924, Congress passed a law which limited the number of people from Europe who could enter the United States in any given year to 150,000. Each country in Europe was assigned a quota that is, a share of the total number. The law was designed so that countries in southern and eastern Europe, where the new immigrants came from, got much smaller quotas than the countries of northern and western Europe. Asian and African nations got no quotas at all. |
| 1990d | |
| 1990e | |
| 1991 | |
| 1992a | - |
| 1992b | |
| 1992c | (266) In 1920 Congress passed the Immigration Act, setting for the first time national quotas on the number of immigrants allowed. Gone were the pre-World War I days of virtually unlimited admission; four years later, the Johnson-Reed Act reduced further the number of immigrants to be admitted to a mere 150,000, divided by quotas so that almost 90 percent of even that small number had to come from northwestern Europe. |
| 1992d | (580) The nation seemed to have forgotten its own origins! Free immigration had made the United States a free nation. Then in 192l national quotas for immigrants were introduced. The National Origins Act of 1924 reduced quotas until, in 1929, only 150,000 immigrants were allowed to enter the United States each year. . . . The National Origins Act barred all Chinese, Japanese, and other Asians. It is not surprising that in Japan there were "hate America" meetings held on "Humiliation Day," July 1, 1924. |
| 1992e | (580) The nation seemed to have forgotten its own origins! Free immigration had made the United States a free nation. Then in 192l national quotas for immigrants were introduced. The National Origins Act of 1924 reduced quotas until, in 1929, only 150,000 immigrants were allowed to enter the United States each year. . . . The National Origins Act barred all Chinese, Japanese, and other Asians. It is not surprising that in Japan there were "hate America" meetings held on "Humiliation Day," July 1, 1924. |
| 1992f | (626) The government restricted immigration from China and Japan, but other attempts to close the door to immigrants failed. |
| 1992g | (337) Quotas expanded. The Immigration Act of 1924 set even stricter limits. The quota was lowered from 3 percent to 2 percent. And the 2 percent now applied to the number of foreign-born who were living in the United States in 1890. . . . The act treated the Japanese even more harshly, barring them altogether as "aliens ineligible for citizenship." (338) But, as a result of the laws, immigration from Asia and Africa was sharply cut back. |
| 1993a | (653) The act, furthermore, included a provision that West Coast racists had been urging for years. It forbade the immigration of Asians, thus terminating the Gentlemen's Agreement (see p. 581) and insulting the Japanese. "It has undone the work of the Washington Conference," Charles Evans Hughes wrote, "and implanted seeds of ... antagonism." Asians, African-Americans, Hispanics, Catholics, and Jews were all victims of the prejudice based on the ethnic self-consciousness of white, Protestant Americans of older stock. Even many educated and comfortable people, who should have known better, attributed to race, religion, or national origin varying qualities of character and intelligence, always with the assumption that Americans of old stock were a superior breed. |
| 1993b | - |
| 1994a | (315-6) Most Asians were already barred. The National Origins Act of 1924 cut quotas to 2 percent and made the base year 1890, when the proportion of "Nordics" in the American population had been much higher than in 1910. The National Origins Act also shut the door completely on Japanese immigrants. It was a national humiliation for Japan, which warned that the act would have "grave consequences." |
| 1994b | |
| 1994c | (498) In 1924, Congress ended all immigration from Japan. |
| 1994d | |
| 1995a | - |
| 1995b | |
| 1995c | - |
| 1996a | (672-3) In 1921 Senators Henry Cabot Lodge of Massachusetts and Hiram Johnson of California sponsored emergency legislation that cut off the flood of immigrants at 350,000 a year. A quota perceled out available spaces by admitting up to 3 percent of each nationality living in the United States as of 1910. Asian immigration was banned entirely. In 1924 a new National Origins Act reduced the quota to 150,000 and pushed the base year back to 1890, before the bulk of southern and eastern Europeans arrived. The National Origins Act fixed the pattern of immigration for the next four decades. Immigration from southern and eastern Europe was reduced to a trickle. The free flow of Europeans to America, a migration of classes and nationalities that had been unimpeded for 300 years, came to an end. |
| 1996b | (468-9) The Johnson Act, meant to be temporary, did not satisfy restrictionists, so Congress replaced it with the Immigration Act (Johnson-Reid Act) in 1924. This law limited annual immigration to 165,000 (less than one-fifth of prewar annual totals) and set quotas at 2 percent of each nationaity residing in the United States in 1890 census, national origins policy fixed an annual limit of 150,000 immigratns, with each country receiving a fraction of that number equal to the percentage of people in the U.S. population in 1920 who derived from that country by birth or descent. This system fixed quotas of roughly 66,000 from Great Britain and 26,000 from Germany, but it allowed only 6,000 from Italy and 2,700 from Russia. It also excluded almost all Asians but set no quotas for peoples from the Western Hemisphere. Soon Canadians, Mexicans, and Puerto Ricans became the largest groups of newcomers (see figure). |
| 1996c | |
| 1996d | - |
| 1996e | |
| 1997a | (279) Congress, in the twenties, put an end to the dangerous, turbulent flood of immigrants (14 million between 1900 and 1920) by passing laws setting immigration quotas: the quotas favored Anglo-Saxons, kept out black and yellow people, limited severely the coming of Latins, Slavs, Jews. |
| 1997b | (406) The Cleveland Plain Dealer stated in an editorial, "Immigration is a domestic problem. The Japanese are neither as unsophisticated nor so domineering as to try to override the clearly expressed will of friendly America." Congress soon moved to strengthen immigration restrictions even more. |
| 1998a | (855) In 1921 Senators Henry Cabot Lodge of Massachusetts and Hiram Johnson of California sponsored emergency legislation that reduced the flood of immigrants to 350,000 a year. That quota parceled out available spaces by admitting up to 3 percent of each nationality living in the United States as of 1910. Asian immigration was banned entirely. In 1924 a new National Origins Act cut the quota to 150,000 and pushed the base year back to 1890, before the bulk of southern and eastern Europeans had arrived. To control the flow of illegal aliens, Congress also created the Border Patrol. Its 450 agents, stationed along the boundaries with Canada and Mexico, were scarcely enough to make anything other than a symbolic statement of restrictionist sentiment. The National Origins Act fixed the pattern of immigration for the next four decades. Immigration from southern and eastern Europeans continued. In Congress support for restriction was especially strong among rural members who saw it as a matter of race and religion and also of beliefs and loyalties. . . . The free movement of Europeans to America, a migration of classes and nationalities that had been unimpeded for 300 years, came to an end. |
| 1998b | - |
| 1998c | |
| 1999a | - |
| 1999b | (676) In 1921 Senators Henry Cabot Lodge of Massachusetts and Hiram Johnson of California sponsored legislation that cut off the flood of immigrants at 350,000 a year. A quota parceled out available spaces by admitting up to 3 percent of each nationality living in the United States as of 1910. Asian immigration was virtually banned. In 1924 a new National Origins Act reduced the quota to 150,000 and pushed the base year back to 1890, before the bulk of southern and eastern Europeans arrived. The National Origins Act fixed the pattern of immigration for the next four decades. Immigration from southern and eastern Europe was reduced to a trickle. The free flow of Europeans to America, a migration of classes and nationalities that had been unimpeded for 300 years, came to an end. |
| 1999c |